Breast conservation surgery followed by radiation therapy for definitive treatment of patients with early stage (limited extent) breast cancer (Stage I and Stage II) has been reported by several retrospective and prospective randomized trials to provide comparable local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival to patients treated with mastectomy. Excisional biopsy of the breast lump and associated axillary dissection are required prior to initiation of radiation therapy in order to remove all known tumor and to reduce the dose of radiation required for cure. The axillary dissection is therapeutic for extension into the axillary volume as well as a prognosticator that aids in the selection of patients for adjuvant systemic therapy. Although certain patients may be adequately served without radiation therapy by excisional removal of the tumor and a margin of surrounding normal breast tissue, this population still needs to be defined. Adequate patient selection and the use of good surgical and radiation therapy techniques results in good to excellent cosmesis in 80 to 90 per cent of treated patients. The treatment alternatives, if presented to patients deemed as appropriate candidates, will aid the patients in making an informed consent decision. Wider application and availability of this alternative to mastectomy may have a significant positive impact on our female population by encouraging women to seek detection of breast cancer through breast self-examination and mammography because the desirable alternative reduces the fear of loss of the breast and self image.