A thorough study of parasite antigens is a prerequisite for control programmes based on protection by vaccination, accurate serodiagnosis and perhaps immune modulation to diminish pathological sequelae. Stage specific surface secreted and somatic antigens may be of particular value in proceeding towards these goals. The design of vaccines is most appropriately focused on surface antigens. With respect to pathology, certain antigens must stimulate humoral and, or cellular immune responses which are responsible for the undesirable immunopathologic consequences of the disease. The ultimate objective, therefore, is identification of those particular antigens followed by appropriate down regulation of the immune system in order to delete such potentially harmful immunological reactions. The relevant illustration presented in this context is an interesting correlation between one particular clinical condition of onchocerciasis ("sowda") and the serological response, defined both in terms of the parasite antigen and an immunoglobulin class restricted antibody response. Current parasitological methods of diagnosis consistently underestimate parasite prevalence. Failure to detect low level patent infections incurs the risk of having a reservoir capable of perpetuating infections. There is, then, an urgent requirement for accurate serodiagnosis, to be used in association with, and for the evaluation of, drug treatment and vector elimination in parasite control programmes. Given the high sensitivity of current immunoassay technology, the only bar to establishing the necessary immunological tests is the choice of suitably specific antibody-antigen systems. Once these are identified, a combination of recombinant nucleic acid biochemistry and hybridoma technology should provide the necessary reagents for inexpensive, robust and specific diagnostic tests. In addition, it may not be many years before the ubiquitous RIA and ELISA technology gives way to the newly developing biosensor systems. Finally, given the sensitivity and specificity of today's nucleic acid hybridization techniques, we may soon expect to see specific identification of infective larvae in their vectors of this, a cloned DNA probe specific for Onchocerca volvulus, and with potential for the detection of infective larvae in blackflies is described.