Effect of Amoxicillin on Nitrogen Oxidation Bacteria Present in Activated Sludge: Respirometry Investigation. 2021

Júlia Kersul Faria, and Ana Carolina Santana Conceição, and Márcio Yukihiro Kohatsu, and Alessandra Borges Okamoto, and Lúcia Helena Coelho, and Eduardo Lucas Subtil, and Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno
Central of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5.001, Santo André - SP, 09210-580, Brazil.

Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world and its presence in wastewater is of great concern for its potential to bacteria selection. However, there is still a gap about the toxicity effect of AMX in nitrifier biomass from activated sludge (AS). This study is based on the implementation of respirometric tests in batches in order to evaluate the toxic effluent toxicity in the nitrification process of AS. The tests were conducted by comparing respiration rates with effluent containing ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) called "reference" and batches containing toxic effluent doped with different concentrations of AMX here called "process." Results with effluent containing concentrations greater than 100 mg L-1 showed that AMX negatively affected the specific growth rate (μm) of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (from 0.50 d-1 to 0.13 d-1) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (from 0.64 d-1 to 0.15 d-1). Although there is no total inhibition of populations, these μm values are limiting for a feasible development of the nitrification process in AS systems. The removal of AMX decreased from 99 to 37% (liquid phase) when the concentration of AMX increased (20 mg L-1 to 200 mg L-1). A decrease in the microbial community AOB and NOB was observed through fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), corroborating the results of respirometry. In summary, the study showed that the inhibition of the AS nitrification process occurs in the presence of high concentrations of AMX and the most susceptible group are the NOB.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009573 Nitrites Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M Nitrite
D009584 Nitrogen An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
D010084 Oxidation-Reduction A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). Redox,Oxidation Reduction
D000641 Ammonia A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
D000658 Amoxicillin A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. Hydroxyampicillin,Actimoxi,Amoxicillin Anhydrous,Amoxicillin Monopotassium Salt,Amoxicillin Monosodium Salt,Amoxicillin Sodium,Amoxicillin Trihydrate,Amoxicillin, (R*)-Isomer,Amoxicilline,Amoxil,Amoxycillin,BRL-2333,Clamoxyl,Clamoxyl G.A.,Clamoxyl Parenteral,Penamox,Polymox,Trimox,Wymox,BRL 2333,BRL2333
D001419 Bacteria One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive. Eubacteria
D012722 Sewage Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers. Sludge,Sludge Flocs
D017404 In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei. FISH Technique,Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization,Hybridization in Situ, Fluorescence,FISH Technic,Hybridization in Situ, Fluorescent,In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescent,FISH Technics,FISH Techniques,Technic, FISH,Technics, FISH,Technique, FISH,Techniques, FISH
D058465 Nitrification A process facilitated by specialized bacteria involving the oxidations of ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. Aerobic Ammonia Oxidation,Nitrite Oxidation,Aerobic Ammonia Oxidations,Ammonia Oxidation, Aerobic,Nitrifications,Nitrite Oxidations,Oxidation, Aerobic Ammonia,Oxidation, Nitrite
D019149 Bioreactors Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. Fermentors,Bioreactor,Fermentor

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