Ternary Phase Diagram Development and Production of Niclosamide-Urea Co-Crystal by Spray Drying. 2021

Lauren A MacEachern, and Rishi Walwyn-Venugopal, and Azadeh Kermanshahi-Pour, and Mahmoud Mirmehrabi
Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1Z1, Canada; Solid State Pharma Inc., 1489 Hollis Street, Suite 300, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3M5, Canada.

In this work, a ternary phase diagram was developed for a Niclosamide-urea co-crystal (NCS-UR) in isopropanol (IPA) using a combination of slurry and solvent addition methods. The ternary phase diagram showed that solubility of Niclosamide and urea differed by an order of magnitude in IPA, leading to an incongruently saturating system. Spray drying was explored as a method to generate NCS-UR. Co-crystals with small, uniform particle size were successfully prepared by spray drying from equimolar solutions with yield up to 73%. Co-crystals were phase pure by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from all conditions explored. Somewhat similar particles were obtained at inlet temperature of 70 °C (mean size of 2.0 μm) compared to 85 °C (2.8-3.4 μm). Based on the TPD, isolating phase pure co-crystal through solution crystallization in IPA would require excess urea. However, spray drying did not require excess co-former. The in-vitro solubility of NCS-UR was compared to anhydrous NCS in biorelevant media. NCS-UR did not give improvement in solubility at 1 h or 24 h. Overall, this work showed that spray drying is a feasible process for preparing phase pure co-crystals for an incongruently saturating system and simultaneously generating micron size particles.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009534 Niclosamide An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48) Bayer 2353,Bayer 73,Bayluscide,Clonitralide,Fenasal,Niclocide,Niclosamide, 2-Aminoethanol (1:1),Phenasal,Radewerm,Trédémine,Yomesan
D010316 Particle Size Relating to the size of solids. Particle Sizes,Size, Particle,Sizes, Particle
D002152 Calorimetry, Differential Scanning Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample. Differential Thermal Analysis, Calorimetric,Calorimetric Differential Thermal Analysis,Differential Scanning Calorimetry,Scanning Calorimetry, Differential
D004339 Drug Compounding The preparation, mixing, and assembly of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814). Drug Formulation,Drug Preparation,Drug Microencapsulation,Pharmaceutical Formulation,Compounding, Drug,Formulation, Drug,Formulation, Pharmaceutical,Microencapsulation, Drug,Preparation, Drug
D000085642 Spray Drying Method of drying liquids and liquid suspensions to prepare drugs in their final dehydrated powder form. Drying, Spray,Spray Dryings
D012995 Solubility The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) Solubilities
D014508 Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Basodexan,Carbamide,Carmol
D014961 X-Ray Diffraction The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Xray Diffraction,Diffraction, X-Ray,Diffraction, Xray,Diffractions, X-Ray,Diffractions, Xray,X Ray Diffraction,X-Ray Diffractions,Xray Diffractions

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