BIOMAT Database Logo BIOMAT Database Logo

Discovery and Functional Analysis of a Salicylic Acid Hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger. 2021

Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Salicylic acid plays an important role in the plant immune response, and its degradation is therefore important for plant-pathogenic fungi. However, many nonpathogenic microorganisms can also degrade salicylic acid. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger, two salicylic acid metabolic pathways have been suggested. The first pathway converts salicylic acid to catechol by a salicylate hydroxylase (ShyA). In the second pathway, salicylic acid is 3-hydroxylated to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, followed by decarboxylation to catechol by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (DhbA). A. niger cleaves the aromatic ring of catechol catalyzed by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CrcA) to form cis,cis-muconic acid. However, the identification and role of the genes and characterization of the enzymes involved in these pathways are lacking. In this study, we used transcriptome data of A. niger grown on salicylic acid to identify genes (shyA and crcA) involved in salicylic acid metabolism. Heterologous production in Escherichia coli followed by biochemical characterization confirmed the function of ShyA and CrcA. The combination of ShyA and CrcA demonstrated that cis,cis-muconic acid can be produced from salicylic acid. In addition, the in vivo roles of shyA, dhbA, and crcA were studied by creating A. niger deletion mutants which revealed the role of these genes in the fungal metabolism of salicylic acid.IMPORTANCE Nonrenewable petroleum sources are being depleted, and therefore, alternative sources are needed. Plant biomass is one of the most abundant renewable sources on Earth and is efficiently degraded by fungi. In order to utilize plant biomass efficiently, knowledge about the fungal metabolic pathways and the genes and enzymes involved is essential to create efficient strategies for producing valuable compounds such as cis,cis-muconic acid. cis,cis-Muconic acid is an important platform chemical that is used to synthesize nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane, resins, and lubricants. Currently, cis,cis-muconic acid is mainly produced through chemical synthesis from petroleum-based chemicals. Here, we show that two enzymes from fungi can be used to produce cis,cis-muconic acid from salicylic acid and contributes in creating alternative methods for the production of platform chemicals.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D010802 Phylogeny The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup. Community Phylogenetics,Molecular Phylogenetics,Phylogenetic Analyses,Phylogenetic Analysis,Phylogenetic Clustering,Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis,Phylogenetic Comparative Methods,Phylogenetic Distance,Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares,Phylogenetic Groups,Phylogenetic Incongruence,Phylogenetic Inference,Phylogenetic Networks,Phylogenetic Reconstruction,Phylogenetic Relatedness,Phylogenetic Relationships,Phylogenetic Signal,Phylogenetic Structure,Phylogenetic Tree,Phylogenetic Trees,Phylogenomics,Analyse, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative,Clustering, Phylogenetic,Community Phylogenetic,Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic,Comparative Method, Phylogenetic,Distance, Phylogenetic,Group, Phylogenetic,Incongruence, Phylogenetic,Inference, Phylogenetic,Method, Phylogenetic Comparative,Molecular Phylogenetic,Network, Phylogenetic,Phylogenetic Analyse,Phylogenetic Clusterings,Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses,Phylogenetic Comparative Method,Phylogenetic Distances,Phylogenetic Group,Phylogenetic Incongruences,Phylogenetic Inferences,Phylogenetic Network,Phylogenetic Reconstructions,Phylogenetic Relatednesses,Phylogenetic Relationship,Phylogenetic Signals,Phylogenetic Structures,Phylogenetic, Community,Phylogenetic, Molecular,Phylogenies,Phylogenomic,Reconstruction, Phylogenetic,Relatedness, Phylogenetic,Relationship, Phylogenetic,Signal, Phylogenetic,Structure, Phylogenetic,Tree, Phylogenetic
D002262 Carboxy-Lyases Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1. Carboxy-Lyase,Decarboxylase,Decarboxylases,Carboxy Lyase,Carboxy Lyases
D005656 Fungal Proteins Proteins found in any species of fungus. Fungal Gene Products,Fungal Gene Proteins,Fungal Peptides,Gene Products, Fungal,Yeast Proteins,Gene Proteins, Fungal,Peptides, Fungal,Proteins, Fungal
D006899 Mixed Function Oxygenases Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation. Hydroxylase,Hydroxylases,Mixed Function Oxidase,Mixed Function Oxygenase,Monooxygenase,Monooxygenases,Mixed Function Oxidases,Function Oxidase, Mixed,Function Oxygenase, Mixed,Oxidase, Mixed Function,Oxidases, Mixed Function,Oxygenase, Mixed Function,Oxygenases, Mixed Function
D001234 Aspergillus niger An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits and vegetables such as grapes, apricots, onions, and peanuts, and is a common contaminant of food. Aspergillus lacticoffeatus
D050548 Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.1 and EC 1.99.2.2. Catechol 1,2-Oxygenase,Catechol-1,2-Oxygenase,Pyrocatechase,Pyrocatechol 1,2-Dioxygenase,1,2-Dioxygenase, Catechol,1,2-Dioxygenase, Pyrocatechol,1,2-Oxygenase, Catechol,Catechol 1,2 Dioxygenase,Catechol 1,2 Oxygenase,Pyrocatechol 1,2 Dioxygenase
D020156 Salicylic Acid A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid,o-Hydroxybenzoic Acid,ortho-Hydroxybenzoic Acid,2 Hydroxybenzoic Acid,Acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic,Acid, Salicylic,Acid, o-Hydroxybenzoic,Acid, ortho-Hydroxybenzoic,o Hydroxybenzoic Acid,ortho Hydroxybenzoic Acid

Related Publications

Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Anthranilic acid hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger.
April 1968, Biochemical and biophysical research communications,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
m-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger.
August 1969, Canadian journal of biochemistry,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
A new anthranilic acid hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger. Purification and properties.
May 1969, The Journal of biological chemistry,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Immobilization of anthranilate hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger.
June 1979, Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Isolation and cofactor requirements of benzoic acid-4-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger.
March 1974, Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Anthranilate hydroxylase, an iron enzyme, from Aspergillus niger.
December 1979, Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Functional analysis of tunicamycin-inducible gene A polypeptide from Aspergillus niger.
October 2005, Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Functional analysis of the transcriptional activator XlnR from Aspergillus niger.
May 2004, Microbiology (Reading, England),
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
Monoglucosyloxyoctadecenoic acid--a glycolipid from Aspergillus niger.
June 1972, Biochemistry,
Ronnie J M Lubbers, and Adiphol Dilokpimol, and Jaap Visser, and Kristiina S Hildén, and Miia R Mäkelä, and Ronald P de Vries
m-Hydroxybenzoate 4-hydroxylase from Aspergillus niger: purification and properties.
September 1973, Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics,
Copied contents to your clipboard!