Trend of salt intake measured by 24-h urine collection in the Italian adult population between the 2008 and 2018 CUORE project surveys. 2021

Chiara Donfrancesco, and Cinzia Lo Noce, and Ornella Russo, and Daniela Minutoli, and Anna Di Lonardo, and Elisabetta Profumo, and Brigitta Buttari, and Roberto Iacone, and Francesca Vespasiano, and Serena Vannucchi, and Graziano Onder, and Ferruccio Galletti, and Daniela Galeone, and Paolo Bellisario, and Michele M Gulizia, and Simona Giampaoli, and Luigi Palmieri, and Pasquale Strazzullo
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: chiara.donfrancesco@iss.it.

The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population salt/sodium intake. The study assessed the trend in the habitual salt intake of the Italian adult population from 2008 to 2012 to 2018-2019 based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion, in the framework of the CUORE Project/MINISAL-GIRCSI/MENO SALE PIU' SALUTE national surveys. Data were from cross-sectional surveys of randomly selected age and sex-stratified samples of resident persons aged 35-74 years in 10 (out of 20) Italian Regions distributed in North, Centre and South of the Country. Urinary sodium and creatinine measurements were carried out in a central laboratory. The analyses included 942 men and 916 women examined in 2008-2012, and 967 men and 1010 women examined in 2018-2019. The age-standardized mean daily population salt (sodium chloride) intake was 10.8 g (95% CI 10.5-11.1) in men and 8.3 g (8.1-8.5) in women in 2008-2012 and respectively 9.5 g (9.3-9.8) and 7.2 g (7.0-7.4) in 2018-2019. A statistically significant (p<0.0001) salt intake reduction was thus observed over 10 years for both genders, and all age, body mass index (BMI) and educational classes. The average daily salt intake of the Italian general adult population remains higher than the WHO recommended level, but a significant reduction of 12% in men and 13% in women has occurred in the past ten years. These results encourage the initiatives undertaken by the Italian Ministry of Health aimed at the reduction of salt intake at the population level.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007558 Italy A country in southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia. The capital is Rome. Sardinia
D008297 Male Males
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D002908 Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). Chronic Condition,Chronic Illness,Chronically Ill,Chronic Conditions,Chronic Diseases,Chronic Illnesses,Condition, Chronic,Disease, Chronic,Illness, Chronic
D003430 Cross-Sectional Studies Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time. Disease Frequency Surveys,Prevalence Studies,Analysis, Cross-Sectional,Cross Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Survey,Surveys, Disease Frequency,Analyses, Cross Sectional,Analyses, Cross-Sectional,Analysis, Cross Sectional,Cross Sectional Analyses,Cross Sectional Studies,Cross Sectional Survey,Cross-Sectional Analyses,Cross-Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Study,Cross-Sectional Surveys,Disease Frequency Survey,Prevalence Study,Studies, Cross-Sectional,Studies, Prevalence,Study, Cross-Sectional,Study, Prevalence,Survey, Cross-Sectional,Survey, Disease Frequency,Surveys, Cross-Sectional
D004032 Diet Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. Diets
D004034 Diet Surveys Systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area. Diet Survey,Survey, Diet,Surveys, Diet
D004039 Diet, Sodium-Restricted A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed) Diet, Low-Salt,Diet, Low-Sodium,Diet, Salt-Free,Diet, Low Salt,Diet, Low Sodium,Diet, Salt Free,Diet, Sodium Restricted,Diets, Low-Salt,Diets, Low-Sodium,Diets, Salt-Free,Diets, Sodium-Restricted,Low-Salt Diet,Low-Salt Diets,Low-Sodium Diet,Low-Sodium Diets,Salt-Free Diet,Salt-Free Diets,Sodium-Restricted Diet,Sodium-Restricted Diets
D005247 Feeding Behavior Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. Dietary Habits,Eating Behavior,Faith-based Dietary Restrictions,Feeding Patterns,Feeding-Related Behavior,Food Habits,Diet Habits,Eating Habits,Behavior, Eating,Behavior, Feeding,Behavior, Feeding-Related,Behaviors, Eating,Behaviors, Feeding,Behaviors, Feeding-Related,Diet Habit,Dietary Habit,Dietary Restriction, Faith-based,Dietary Restrictions, Faith-based,Eating Behaviors,Eating Habit,Faith based Dietary Restrictions,Faith-based Dietary Restriction,Feeding Behaviors,Feeding Pattern,Feeding Related Behavior,Feeding-Related Behaviors,Food Habit,Habit, Diet,Habit, Dietary,Habit, Eating,Habit, Food,Habits, Diet,Pattern, Feeding,Patterns, Feeding,Restrictions, Faith-based Dietary
D005260 Female Females

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