| D010084 |
Oxidation-Reduction |
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). |
Redox,Oxidation Reduction |
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| D004847 |
Epithelial Cells |
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells. |
Adenomatous Epithelial Cells,Columnar Glandular Epithelial Cells,Cuboidal Glandular Epithelial Cells,Glandular Epithelial Cells,Squamous Cells,Squamous Epithelial Cells,Transitional Epithelial Cells,Adenomatous Epithelial Cell,Cell, Adenomatous Epithelial,Cell, Epithelial,Cell, Glandular Epithelial,Cell, Squamous,Cell, Squamous Epithelial,Cell, Transitional Epithelial,Cells, Adenomatous Epithelial,Cells, Epithelial,Cells, Glandular Epithelial,Cells, Squamous,Cells, Squamous Epithelial,Cells, Transitional Epithelial,Epithelial Cell,Epithelial Cell, Adenomatous,Epithelial Cell, Glandular,Epithelial Cell, Squamous,Epithelial Cell, Transitional,Epithelial Cells, Adenomatous,Epithelial Cells, Glandular,Epithelial Cells, Squamous,Epithelial Cells, Transitional,Glandular Epithelial Cell,Squamous Cell,Squamous Epithelial Cell,Transitional Epithelial Cell |
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| D005786 |
Gene Expression Regulation |
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation. |
Gene Action Regulation,Regulation of Gene Expression,Expression Regulation, Gene,Regulation, Gene Action,Regulation, Gene Expression |
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| D006801 |
Humans |
Members of the species Homo sapiens. |
Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man |
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| D012906 |
Smoke |
Visible gaseous suspension of carbon and other particulate matter emitted from burning substances. |
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| D017382 |
Reactive Oxygen Species |
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS. |
Active Oxygen Species,Oxygen Radical,Oxygen Radicals,Pro-Oxidant,Reactive Oxygen Intermediates,Active Oxygen,Oxygen Species, Reactive,Pro-Oxidants,Oxygen, Active,Pro Oxidant,Pro Oxidants,Radical, Oxygen |
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| D051059 |
PTEN Phosphohydrolase |
A lipid phosphatase that contains a C2 DOMAIN and acts on phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate to regulate various SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. It modulates CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL MIGRATION; and APOPTOSIS. Mutations in PTEN are associated with COWDEN DISEASE and PROTEUS SYNDROME as well as NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. |
MMAC1 Protein,Mutated In Multiple Advanced Cancers 1 Protein,PTEN Phosphatase,PTEN Protein,PTEN Protein Phosphatase,Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue on Chromosome Ten Protein,Phosphatase, PTEN,Phosphatase, PTEN Protein,Phosphohydrolase, PTEN,Protein Phosphatase, PTEN |
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| D019255 |
NADPH Oxidases |
A family of membrane-associated flavoprotein NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the univalent reduction of OXYGEN to create SUPEROXIDES. Structurally, they are characterized by six N-terminal transmembrane ALPHA-HELICES, a FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (FAD)-binding region, and a C-terminal NADPH-binding region. They are expressed primarily by EPITHELIAL CELLS in gut, kidney, colon, and smooth muscle tissues, as well as GRANULOCYTES and function to transfer electrons across membranes to molecular oxygen. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by some NADPH oxidases result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC. |
NADPH Oxidase,NAD(P)H Oxidases,NAD(P)H oxidase,Nox Proteins,Oxidase, NADPH,Oxidases, NADPH |
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| D020545 |
Respiratory Mucosa |
The mucous membrane lining the RESPIRATORY TRACT, including the NASAL CAVITY; the LARYNX; the TRACHEA; and the BRONCHI tree. The respiratory mucosa consists of various types of epithelial cells ranging from ciliated columnar to simple squamous, mucous GOBLET CELLS, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells. |
Respiratory Epithelium,Epithelium, Respiratory,Mucosa, Respiratory |
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| D062789 |
Tobacco Products |
Substances and products derived from NICOTIANA TABACUM. |
Cigarettes,Cigars,Bidis,Bidis Tobacco,Cigarillos,Kreteks,Kreteks Tobacco,Pipe Tobacco,Tobacco, Bidi,Bidi,Bidi Tobacco,Bidi Tobaccos,Bidis Tobaccos,Cigar,Cigarette,Cigarillo,Kretek,Kreteks Tobaccos,Pipe Tobaccos,Product, Tobacco,Products, Tobacco,Tobacco Product,Tobacco, Bidis,Tobacco, Kreteks,Tobacco, Pipe,Tobaccos, Bidi,Tobaccos, Bidis,Tobaccos, Kreteks,Tobaccos, Pipe |
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