Adjuvant combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin was administered to 36 patients after cystectomy for bladder cancer. Therapy was tolerated well except for 1 patient who suffered a fatal chemotherapy complication. Indications for adjuvant chemotherapy included vascular invasion of the primary tumor, perivesicular tumor involvement, invasion of adjacent pelvic viscera (vagina and prostate) and nodal metastases. There were 53 concurrently treated patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy despite similar unfavorable pathological indications (high risk control group). Survival rates (61 and 73 per cent, respectively) were not significantly different for those patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and an additional group of 158 patients who underwent cystectomy during the study period but who had no adverse pathological findings (low risk control group). Survival rates differed significantly between the low risk (73 per cent) and high risk (38 per cent) control groups (p less than 0.001). Patients with unfavorable histological findings who received adjuvant chemotherapy had a significant survival advantage over the high risk control groups (61 versus 38 per cent, p equals 0.03). These data confirm the predictive value of post-cystectomy pathological findings and suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin not only prolongs the survival free of disease for patients at high risk for recurrence but it also may ultimately increase the cure fraction of such patients.