The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite at Point-of-Use to Remove Microcystins from Water Containers. 2021

Matodzi Michael Mokoena, and Lutendo Sylvia Mudau, and Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu, and Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Road, Pretoria West, P/Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

Most conventional water treatment plants are not sufficiently equipped to treat both intracellular and extracellular Microcystins in drinking water. However, the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in removing Microcystin in containers at the point-of-use is not yet known. This study aimed to assess point-of-use water container treatment using bleach or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and to assess the health problems associated with microcystins. Thirty-nine percent (29 of 74) of the total selected households were randomly selected to receive and treat their stored container water with sodium hypochlorite. The level of microcystin in the container water was measured after 30 min of contact with sodium hypochlorite. Microcystin concentrations in both the blooming and decaying seasons were higher (mean 1.10, 95% CI 0.46-1.67 µg/L and mean 1.14, 95% CI 0.65-1.63 µg/L, respectively) than the acceptable limit of 1 µg/L in households that did not treat their water with NaOCl, whilst in those that did, there was a significant reduction in the microcystin concentration (mean 0.07, 95% CI 0.00-0.16 µg/L and mean 0.18, 95% CI 0.00-0.45 µg/L). In conclusion, sodium hypochlorite treatment decreased microcystin s to an acceptable level and reduced the related health problems.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D003666 Decontamination The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.
D004202 Disinfectants Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) Biocide,Disinfectant,Biocides
D004203 Disinfection Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.
D004866 Equipment Contamination The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles. Contamination, Equipment,Contaminations, Equipment,Equipment Contaminations
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D012973 Sodium Hypochlorite It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Antiformin,Clorox,Sodium Hypochlorite (Solution),Hypochlorite, Sodium
D014871 Water Microbiology The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms. Microbiology, Water
D014881 Water Supply Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed) Supplies, Water,Supply, Water,Water Supplies
D052998 Microcystins Cyclic heptapeptides found in MICROCYSTIS and other CYANOBACTERIA. Hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects have been noted. They are sometimes called cyanotoxins, which should not be confused with chemicals containing a cyano group (CN) which are toxic. Cyanoginosins
D057097 Harmful Algal Bloom An algal bloom where the algae produce powerful toxins that can kill fish, birds, and mammals, and ultimately cause illness in humans. The harmful bloom can also cause oxygen depletion in the water due to the death and decomposition of non-toxic algae species. Red Tide,Algal Bloom, Harmful,Algal Blooms, Harmful,Bloom, Harmful Algal,Blooms, Harmful Algal,Harmful Algal Blooms,Red Tides,Tide, Red,Tides, Red

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