Biomaterial Database

Bladder cancer in relation to cigarette smoking. 1988

A Augustine, and J R Hebert, and G C Kabat, and E L Wynder

Division of Epidemiology, American Health Foundation, New York, New York 10017.

The importance of smoking-related variables in the development of bladder cancer was examined in data from a hospital-based case-control study of 1316 male and 505 female cases, and 3940 male and 1504 female age-matched controls interviewed in 20 hospitals from 9 United States cities between 1969 and 1984. For male current smokers, odds ratios for number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) increased to approximately 2.5 for smokers of more than 20 cpd, after adjustment for duration and nonsmoking-related covariates. Above 20 cpd, no further increase in odds ratio was observed. In females, the adjusted odds ratios showed no significant effect of increasing cpd level. In males, the odds ratios for duration increased from 1.18 (0.52-2.72) in those who smoke for less than 20 years to 2.31 (1.65-3.24) in those who smoked for greater than 40 years. In females, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.97 (0.27-3.44) and 1.62 (1.00-2.62). The results did not suggest an increased risk with early age at start of smoking in either sex. Ex-cigarette smokers, as a whole, had reduced odds ratios for bladder cancer, but the extent of the reduction was similar in short-term and longer-term quitters. The findings of this investigations support an association between smoking and bladder cancer. The pattern of risk associated with cpd and duration among current smokers and the early decline in risk associated with quitting are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of bladder carcinogenesis.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D008875	Middle Aged	An adult aged 45 - 64 years.	Middle Age
D001749	Urinary Bladder Neoplasms	Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	Bladder Cancer,Bladder Neoplasms,Cancer of Bladder,Bladder Tumors,Cancer of the Bladder,Malignant Tumor of Urinary Bladder,Neoplasms, Bladder,Urinary Bladder Cancer,Bladder Cancers,Bladder Neoplasm,Bladder Tumor,Cancer, Bladder,Cancer, Urinary Bladder,Neoplasm, Bladder,Neoplasm, Urinary Bladder,Tumor, Bladder,Tumors, Bladder,Urinary Bladder Neoplasm
D003710	Demography	Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.	Demographer,Demographic,Demographic and Health Survey,Population Distribution,Accounting, Demographic,Analyses, Demographic,Analyses, Multiregional,Analysis, Period,Brass Technic,Brass Technique,Demographers,Demographic Accounting,Demographic Analysis,Demographic Factor,Demographic Factors,Demographic Impact,Demographic Impacts,Demographic Survey,Demographic Surveys,Demographic and Health Surveys,Demographics,Demography, Historical,Demography, Prehistoric,Factor, Demographic,Factors, Demographic,Family Reconstitution,Historical Demography,Impact, Demographic,Impacts, Demographic,Multiregional Analysis,Period Analysis,Population Spatial Distribution,Prehistoric Demography,Reverse Survival Method,Stable Population Method,Survey, Demographic,Surveys, Demographic,Analyses, Period,Analysis, Demographic,Analysis, Multiregional,Demographic Analyses,Demographies, Historical,Demographies, Prehistoric,Distribution, Population,Distribution, Population Spatial,Distributions, Population,Distributions, Population Spatial,Family Reconstitutions,Historical Demographies,Method, Reverse Survival,Method, Stable Population,Methods, Reverse Survival,Methods, Stable Population,Multiregional Analyses,Period Analyses,Population Distributions,Population Methods, Stable,Population Spatial Distributions,Prehistoric Demographies,Reconstitution, Family,Reconstitutions, Family,Reverse Survival Methods,Spatial Distribution, Population,Spatial Distributions, Population,Stable Population Methods,Technic, Brass,Technique, Brass
D004812	Epidemiologic Methods	Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.	Epidemiologic Method,Epidemiological Methods,Methods, Epidemiologic,Epidemiological Method,Method, Epidemiologic,Method, Epidemiological,Methods, Epidemiological
D005260	Female		Females
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328	Adult	A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available.	Adults
D000367	Age Factors	Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.	Age Reporting,Age Factor,Factor, Age,Factors, Age
D000368	Aged	A person 65 years of age or older. For a person older than 79 years, AGED, 80 AND OVER is available.	Elderly