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The presence, distribution and development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of a cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus stellaris (L.) was investigated by immunohistochemical methods utilizing mammalian VIP antisera. In the gut VIP-like immunoreactivity was observed in both nerves and endocrine cells. Endocrine cells with VIP-like material were only detected in the intestinal epithelium while nerve fibres containing VIP-like material were noted along the whole gastro-entero-pancreatic system, being more numerous in the pyloric sphincter and in the intestinal portion. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were encountered in the stomach and intestinal portions localized in the submucosa and in the myenteric plexus. Intestinal immunoreactive endocrine cells were already present in the first developmental stage considered (embryos aged 4 months). They grow in number and before birth reach a frequency higher than in adults. Nerves and cell bodies showing VIP-like immunoreactivity, appear later, before birth, as a few elements in the smooth muscular layer, but only after birth their distribution and frequency are similar to those found in adults. The faint immunofluorescence shown by the immunoreactive endocrine cells and their developmental pattern, which is always different from that observed in nervous elements, suggest the presence of at least two VIP-like substances in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of S. stellaris.
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