Effects of mixed tocopherols added to milk replacer and calf starter on intake, growth, and indices of stress. 2021

J D Quigley, and T M Hill, and T S Dennis, and F X Suarez-Mena, and W Hu, and S Kahl, and T H Elsasser
Nurture Research Center, Provimi North America, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309. Electronic address: jquigley@provimi-na.com.

Vitamin E comprises 8 fat-soluble isoforms: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol. Yet the body preferentially uses α-tocopherol, and only α-tocopherol supplementation can reverse vitamin E deficiency symptoms. However, other isoforms influence many biological functions in the body, including inflammation and stress. Therefore, the study objective was to determine metabolic and performance responses in young calves fed diets containing a constant amount of α-tocopherol and increasing amounts of soybean oil-derived mixed γ- and δ-tocopherols. Holstein calves [n = 48; 2-3 d of age; 40.2 kg of initial body weight (BW), standard error = 0.54] were assigned to receive approximately 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of BW daily (treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) of mixed tocopherols (TMIX) provided in milk replacer (MR) and calf starter. The TMIX liquid contained 86% γδ-tocopherols and 9% α-tocopherol. Milk replacers were formulated to contain approximately 0, 400, 800, or 1,200 mg of TMIX/kg for treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Calf starters were formulated to contain approximately 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg of TMIX/kg for treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Mean consumption of γδ-tocopherols was 0.0, 6.5, 14.3, and 20.5 mg/kg of BW, respectively. Milk replacer contained 24% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat on a dry matter (DM) basis. Calf starters were pelleted and offered for ad libitum consumption from 0 to 56 d. Starters contained 18 to 20% CP and 9 to 12% starch in the DM. On d 28, 4 calves per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter, and necropsy was performed. Samples of liver, duodenum, ileum, and trapezius muscle were collected and stored before analysis for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and δ-tocotrienol. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design using mixed model ANOVA with orthogonal polynomials to determine linear and quadratic effects of TMIX. Repeated-measures analyses were performed for data collected over time. Increasing dietary TMIX increased or tended to increase change in hip width at 28 and 56 d, respectively, and improved average daily BW gain and gain-to-feed ratio at 56 d. Increasing TMIX reduced plasma xanthine oxidase at 0 h and tended to reduce concentrations at 24 h following vaccination with 2 commercial vaccines on d 28; however, we detected no effect of TMIX following vaccination on d 56. Concentration of α-tocopherol in skeletal muscle declined quadratically with increasing TMIX, whereas ileal and liver γ-tocopherol increased linearly with increasing TMIX. The number of mucin-2 cells in the ileum increased more than 2-fold in calves fed T3. Addition of mixed tocopherols to diets of young dairy calves improved animal growth and altered indices of antioxidant metabolism.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008892 Milk The off-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Cow Milk,Cow's Milk,Milk, Cow,Milk, Cow's
D001835 Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. Body Weights,Weight, Body,Weights, Body
D002417 Cattle Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor. Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D004032 Diet Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. Diets
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D000821 Animal Feed Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock. Fodder,Animal Feeds,Feed, Animal,Feeds, Animal,Fodders
D014886 Weaning Permanent deprivation of breast milk and commencement of nourishment with other food. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Weanings
D024505 Tocopherols A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. Tocopherol,Abortosan,Antioxidans E-Hevert,Aquasol E,Auxina E,Bio E,Biopto-E,Biosan,Bioweyxin,Dal-E,Davitamon,Dermorelle,Detulin,E Vitamin E,E-Mulsin,E-Vicotrat,E-Vitamin-Ratiopharm,E-ferol,EUNOVA Vitamin E,Ecoro,Elex Verla,Embial,Ephynal,Eplonat,Equivit E,Eusovit,Evion,Hydrovit E,Lasar,Malton E,Micorvit E,Mowivit Vitamin E,Puncto E,Richtavit E,Sanavitan S,Snow-E Muscle, Energy & Feritility,Spondyvit,Tocolion,Tocopa,Tocopharm,Tocopherol Bayer,Tocovital,Togasan Vitamin E,Unique E,Uno-Vit,Vibolex,Vit E hydrosol,Vit. E Stada,Vita-E,Vita-Plus E,Vitagutt Vitamin E,Vitamin E AL,Vitamin E Natur,Vitamin E Sanum,Vitamin E Suspension,Vitamin E-mp,Vitamin-E Dragees,Vitamin-E EVI-MIRALE,Vitamine E GNR,Vitazell,Dal E,E Mulsin,E Vicotrat,Uno Vit,UnoVit,Vita E,Vita Plus E,VitaE,VitaPlus E,Vitamin E Dragees,Vitamin E EVI MIRALE,Vitamin E mp,Vitamin E, Mowivit,Vitamin E, Togasan,Vitamin E, Vitagutt,Vitamin Emp,VitaminE EVIMIRALE

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