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In assessing the prevalence and perceptions of use of smokeless tobacco among adolescent male athletes, several findings have public health implications. Almost a third of the sample had tried smokeless tobacco and 8% were current users. Racial differences between blacks and whites were remarkable. Differences in income strata and urban/rural settings were not significant. Peer influence was the major factor that initiated smokeless tobacco use. Abnormal mucosal findings were much more prevalent in those who had dipped smokeless tobacco than in those who had not. Most significant was a prevalence of oral leukoplakia in 5.2% of those who had ever dipped, which was 50 times that of nondippers. Using smokeless tobacco for more than 2 years or using more than three tins per week seemed to be of possible predictive value regarding the incidence of oral leukoplakia. Fifteen percent of current users had observable leukoplakia. Components necessary for effective intervention/prevention programs were elucidated with an emphasis on an increased role by dentists and other health professionals.
C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
December 1986,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
September 1989,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
December 1988,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
January 1988,
American journal of public health,
C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
April 1990,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
October 1991,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
January 1994,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
August 1997,
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C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
October 2021,
Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique,
C J Creath, and
W O Shelton, and
J T Wright, and
D H Bradley, and
R A Feinstein, and
J F Wisniewski
January 1985,
Addictive behaviors,
