Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences in Pharmacogenomics Offered by US Pharmacy Programs. 2020

Roseann S Gammal, and Jenny Nguyen, and Elaina Audi, and Yee Ming Lee, and Natasha Petry, and Philip E Empey
MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts roseann.gammal@mcphs.edu.

Objective. To characterize advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) with a primary focus in pharmacogenomics at schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States.Methods. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter, observational study of pharmacogenomics APPEs at US pharmacy schools. Directors of experiential education at 146 accredited schools of pharmacy were contacted by phone and asked if their school offered a pharmacogenomics APPE. The preceptors of pharmacogenomics APPEs identified by this phone screen were sent an email with a link to an online survey that asked about their APPE offerings.Results. Of the 142 schools of pharmacy that were successfully reached via phone, 40 (28%) offered an APPE with a primary focus in pharmacogenomics. Thirty unique APPEs with pharmacogenomics as a primary focus were identified. The total number of preceptors involved in the pharmacogenomics APPEs was 33: 19 (58%) faculty preceptors and 14 (42%) non-faculty preceptors. Twenty-three of the 30 pharmacogenomics APPEs completed the survey (77% response rate). The APPE sites were diverse and included academic medical centers, community health systems, pharmacogenomic testing laboratories, and schools of pharmacy. Each pharmacogenomics APPE accommodated an average of six students per year. The APPE activities varied across sites.Conclusion. Only a small number of US pharmacy schools offer an APPE with a primary focus in pharmacogenomics. These rotations are diverse in scope and precepted by faculty or non-faculty pharmacists. The Academy should pursue opportunities to increase experiential education in pharmacogenomics.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D010597 Pharmacogenetics A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism (BIOTRANSFORMATION). Pharmacogenomics
D010604 Pharmacy The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations. Forensic Pharmacy,Pharmacy Practice Patterns,Forensic Pharmacies,Pattern, Pharmacy Practice,Patterns, Pharmacy Practice,Pharmacies, Forensic,Pharmacy Practice Pattern,Pharmacy, Forensic,Practice Pattern, Pharmacy,Practice Patterns, Pharmacy
D011231 Preceptorship Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the SUPERVISION of an established professional in the particular field. Clinical Mentoring,Clinical Supervision,Clinical Practicum,Field Study, Medical,Field Training, Medical,Field Work, Medical,Clinical Mentorings,Clinical Supervisions,Field Studies, Medical,Medical Field Studies,Medical Field Study,Medical Field Training,Medical Field Work,Mentoring, Clinical,Mentorings, Clinical,Practicum, Clinical,Practicums, Clinical,Studies, Medical Field,Study, Medical Field,Supervision, Clinical,Supervisions, Clinical,Training, Medical Field,Work, Medical Field
D003430 Cross-Sectional Studies Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time. Disease Frequency Surveys,Prevalence Studies,Analysis, Cross-Sectional,Cross Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Survey,Surveys, Disease Frequency,Analyses, Cross Sectional,Analyses, Cross-Sectional,Analysis, Cross Sectional,Cross Sectional Analyses,Cross Sectional Studies,Cross Sectional Survey,Cross-Sectional Analyses,Cross-Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Study,Cross-Sectional Surveys,Disease Frequency Survey,Prevalence Study,Studies, Cross-Sectional,Studies, Prevalence,Study, Cross-Sectional,Study, Prevalence,Survey, Cross-Sectional,Survey, Disease Frequency,Surveys, Cross-Sectional
D004512 Education, Pharmacy Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine. Pharmacy Education,Education, Pharmaceutic,Education, Pharmaceutical,Pharmaceutic Education,Pharmaceutical Education
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D012580 Schools, Pharmacy Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of pharmacy. Pharmacy Schools,Pharmacy School,School, Pharmacy
D013339 Students, Pharmacy Individuals enrolled in a school of pharmacy or a formal educational program leading to a degree in pharmacy. Pharmacy Student,Pharmacy Students,Student, Pharmacy
D014481 United States A country in NORTH AMERICA between CANADA and MEXICO.

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