With the development of agriculture, a huge amount of vegetable waste (VW) is produced every year, posing a large considerable environmental problem that cannot be ignored. Anaerobic digestion (AD), as an eco-friendly, efficient, and sustainable biomass conversion technology, may be used to address the pollution caused by VW. The compositional components of various VWs are different, which will affect their biomethane potential and directly determine whether they are suitable substrates for AD. Thus, this study involved a systematic analysis of the composition and biomethane potential of 20 typical VWs. The results showed that the methane yields of the VWs were different (207.5-346.3 mL/g VS) owing to the differences in composition. More importantly, a correlation between the contents of organic components and methane production was established, and then used to predict methane production by VW rapidly. In addition, first-order model, modified Gompertz, and Cone models were used to describe the biochemical methanogenesis mechanism of these VWs. The results of this study can provide a reference for fundamental research on the AD of VW as well as serve a convenient and precise method to predict methane production by different VWs through analyzing compositional components, which will be beneficial for pollution prevention and the comprehensive utilization of VW in the future.