BACKGROUND The difference in clinical outcomes between Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) bacteremia (KAB) and Enterobacter cloacae complex bacteremia (ECB) is controversial. METHODS We compared the clinical outcomes of patients with KAB and ECB and examined the risk factors associated with mortality. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of hospitalized patients with monobacterial KAB and ECB between January 2011 and June 2020. The primary outcome measure was 30-day all-cause mortality. Multiple logistic regression and propensity-score (PS) matching were used to identify independent risk factors for mortality. The models included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, recent healthcare contact, patient status at the onset of bacteremia, and severity of infection as covariates. RESULTS A total of 282 patients with KAB or ECB were included, among whom 194 patients were selected after PS matching. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was higher in the ECB group than in the KAB group (24.1% vs 10.6%, P = .003). In a multivariable model, ECB was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in both overall and PS-matched cohorts (adjusted odds ratio, 3.528; 95% confidence interval, 1.614-7.714; P = .002). Stay in the intensive care unit at the onset of bacteremia and higher Pitt bacteremia score were found to be independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS In our study, mortality was significantly higher in patients with ECB than in those with KAB. Further studies are warranted to clarify the virulence mechanisms of E cloacae complex.