Vector competence of human-biting ticks Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis for Powassan virus. 2021

Rohit Sharma, and Duncan W Cozens, and Philip M Armstrong, and Douglas E Brackney
Center for Vector Biology & Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.

BACKGROUND Powassan virus (POWV; genus Flavivirus) is the sole North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis sero-complex and an increasing public health threat in the USA. Maintained in nature by Ixodes spp. ticks, POWV has also been isolated from species of other hard tick genera, yet it is unclear if these species can serve as vectors. Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum share geographic and ecologic overlap with Ixodes spp. ticks and POWV transmission foci, raising the possibility that POWV could become established in these tick species and leading to range expansion and increased human risk. Therefore, we assessed the competency of Ixodes scapularis, D. variabilis and A. americanum for POWV lineage II (POWV II). METHODS Larvae from all three species were co-infested on POWV-infected Balb/c mice. The engorged larvae were allowed to molt to nymphs and screened for the presence of POWV II RNA by reverse transcription-qPCR. Eight infected nymphs from each species were allowed to individually feed on a naïve mouse. Mice were screened for the presence of POWV II RNA to determine infection status. RESULTS The results demonstrated that larvae from all three tick species were able to efficiently acquire POWV II via feeding on viremic mice, maintain infection through molting and successively transmit POWV to naïve mice at the nymphal stage at comparable rates across all three species. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that non-Ixodes tick species can serve as competent vectors for POWV and highlight the potential role of these species in the ecology and epidemiology of POWV. Future studies examining the possible implications of these findings on POWV epidemiology and the adaptability of POWV in these new vectors are warranted.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007814 Larva Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. Maggots,Tadpoles,Larvae,Maggot,Tadpole
D008297 Male Males
D008807 Mice, Inbred BALB C An inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in IMMUNOLOGY studies and cancer research. BALB C Mice, Inbred,BALB C Mouse, Inbred,Inbred BALB C Mice,Inbred BALB C Mouse,Mice, BALB C,Mouse, BALB C,Mouse, Inbred BALB C,BALB C Mice,BALB C Mouse
D009758 Nymph The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
D003870 Dermacentor A widely distributed genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, including a number that infest humans and other mammals. Several are vectors of diseases such as TULAREMIA; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; COLORADO TICK FEVER; and ANAPLASMOSIS. Dermacentor andersoni,Rocky Mountain Wood Tick
D004669 Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep. Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Omsk,Kyasanur Forest disease virus,Langat virus,Louping ill virus,Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus,Powassan virus,Al-Khurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus,Al-Khurma virus,Al-Khurma virus (ALKV),Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus,Alkhurma virus,Alkhurma virus (ALKV),Encephalitis Virus, Tick-Borne,Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus,Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses,Viruses, Tick-Borne Encephalitis,Al Khurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus,Al Khurma virus,Al Khurma virus (ALKV),Encephalitis Virus, Tick Borne,Encephalitis Viruses, Tick Borne,Louping ill viruses,Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus,Tick Borne Encephalitis Viruses
D004675 Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5) Far Eastern Russian Encephalitis,Powassan Encephalitis,Central European Encephalitis,Encephalitis, Central European,Encephalitis, European Tick-Borne,Encephalitis, Far Eastern Russian,Encephalitis, Louping Ill,Encephalitis, Russian Spring-Summer,European Tick-Borne Encephalitis,Louping Ill Encephalitis,Powassan Virus Disease,Russian Spring-Summer Encephalitis,Tick-Borne Encephalitis,Disease, Powassan Virus,Encephalitis, European Tick Borne,Encephalitis, Powassan,Encephalitis, Russian Spring Summer,Encephalitis, Tick Borne,European Tick Borne Encephalitis,Powassan Encephalitides,Powassan Virus Diseases,Russian Spring Summer Encephalitis,Spring-Summer Encephalitis, Russian,Tick Borne Encephalitis,Tick-Borne Encephalitis, European,Virus Disease, Powassan,Virus Diseases, Powassan
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000082762 Amblyomma A genus of hardbacked TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE. It includes the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, in the Americas. Amblyomma americanum is the primary vector of EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS and EHRLICHIA EWINGII which cause EHRLICHIOSIS. Other Amblyomma-associated diseases include TULAREMIA and RICKETTSIOSIS. Amblyomma americanum,Amblyomma maculatum,Amblyomma triguttatum,Amblyomma variegatum,Aponomma,Gulf Coast Tick,Lone Star Tick,Lone-Star Tick,Ornate Kangaroo Tick,Tropical Bont Tick,Lone Star Ticks,Lone-Star Ticks,Ornate Kangaroo Ticks,Tick, Gulf Coast,Tick, Lone Star,Tick, Lone-Star,Tick, Ornate Kangaroo,Tick, Tropical Bont,Tropical Bont Ticks

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