Two immunization procedures were compared for their ability to yield monoclonal antibodies that react with plasma membrane-bound differentiation antigens of Dictyostelium. In the first method, hybridomas prepared from BALB/c mice immunized with aggregating amoebae produced monoclonal antibodies that recognized antigens present on both growing and aggregating Dictyostelium amoebae. None of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with only the injected aggregation-stage cell type. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies that reacted with differentiation antigens were easily obtained by primary immunization of BALB/c mice with living aggregation-stage cells, followed by secondary immunization with a preparation of plasma membrane from aggregating cells or intact aggregating cells mixed with polyclonal BALB/c antiserum raised against undifferentiated cells. By this method, approximately 20% of all anti-Dictyostelium monoclonal antibodies obtained in a fusion are specific for differentiation antigens. The properties and developmental regulation of several of these antigens are described. The possible uses of this immunological method to detect unique determinants on other kinds of cells and the likely immune mechanisms that make it successful are discussed.