The optimal treatment for concomitant gallbladder (GB) stones with common bile duct (CBD) stones and predictors for recurrence of CBD stones are not established. This single-center, retrospective study reviewed 466 patients diagnosed with a first event of concomitant GB stones with CBD stones from January 2010 to December 2018. 92 patients underwent single-stage laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) (group1), 108 underwent LCBDE + LC after endoscopic stone extraction (ESE) failure (group2), and 266 underwent ESE + LC (group3). Clearance (95.7 vs. 99.1 vs. 97.0%, p = 0.324) and recurrence rates (5.4 vs. 13.0 vs. 7.9%, p = 0.138) did not differ between groups. Group1 had fewer procedures (p < 0.001), lower post-treatment complication rates (7.6 vs. 18.5 vs. 13.9%, p = 0.082), and shorter hospital stay after the first procedure (5.7 vs 13.0 vs 9.8 days, p < 0.001). 40 patients (8.6%) had recurrence of CBD stones at mean follow-up of 17.1 months, of which 29 (72.5%) occurred within 24 months. In multivariate analysis, a CBD diameter > 8 mm, combined type-1 periampullary diverticulum, and age > 70 years were significant predictors of recurrence. Single-stage LCBDE + LC is a safe and effective treatment for concomitant GB stones with CBD stones compared to ESE + LC. LCBDE should be considered in patients with a high risk of ESE failure. Careful follow-up is recommended for patients at high risk of recurrence of CBD stones, especially within 24 months after surgical or endoscopic treatment.