Biomaterial Database

Spatial distribution, source identification and ecological risk assessment of POPs and heavy metals in lake sediments of Istanbul, Turkey. 2022

Barış Güzel, and Oltan Canlı, and Ertuğrul Aslan

Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: guzelbaris08@gmail.com.

Istanbul needs to be protected and constantly monitored water resources due to its increasing population and the decrease in precipitation. This study aims to comprehensively reveal surface sediments collected from reservoirs that supply water to Istanbul concerning POPs (PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs) and heavy metals; to identify possible sources of PAHs, and conduct their ecological risk assessment. Pollution indices in this study were used as contamination degree (CD) contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI) and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). Total PAH concentrations of surface sediments at the sampling points ranged from 46.29 ng/g (A7) to 403.9 ng/g (A15). Benzo(b)fluoranthene (5.647-59.42 ng/g), Pyrene (3.625-83.10 ng/g), Fluoranthene (3.363-66.48 ng/g), Phenanthrene (3.115-52.48 ng/g), Chrysene (3.532-43.98 ng/g), Naphthalene (6.606-36.20 ng/g), Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (3.316-41.73 ng/g) and Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (3.453-38.84 ng/g) are the dominant PAH compounds. PAH pollution may be caused by the village-town settlements near the dam and the O7-D020 highway. Total OCP concentration ranged from 2.233 ng/g (A12) to 7.337 ng/g (A1), while total PCB concentration ranged from 0.246 ng/g (A13) to 3.708 ng/g (A1). The lowest total OCP and PCB concentrations were found in surface sediments taken from Kazandere, Papuçdere and Alibey Dam lakes. DDT p,p (0.072-5.177 ng/g) has the highest concentration among all sediment samples. While the most dominant OCP compounds in the samples were DDT p,p, DDE p,p and DDD p,p, HCH alpha, HCH beta, respectively, PCB 153, 138 and 180 were the highest detected PCB congeners in the same samples. Total heavy metal concentration varied from 77,812 mg/kg to 267,072 mg/kg. According to PAH diagnostic analysis, the surface sediments of Terkos, Büyükçekmece, Elmalı, Darlık, Sazlıdere, Alibey and Ömerli Dams were polluted by petrogenic sources, while the surface sediments of Kazandere and Papuçdere Dams were affected by pyrogenic sources. None of the levels of POPs in the samples exceeded the ERM values. Slight and moderate contamination of heavy metals, such as Pb and Zn, were present in most of the sampling points according to CD, CF, PLI and Igeo values. The quality criteria of heavy metals showed that almost all of the sampling points had Cd, Pb and Hg concentrations below the ERL values. The Ni concentrations at most of the sampling points significantly exceeded the ERM values. The concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and especially Ni and Zn exhibit a significant toxic risk to aquatic organisms to sediment quality criteria.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D002681	China	A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.	Inner Mongolia,Manchuria,People's Republic of China,Sinkiang,Mainland China
D004784	Environmental Monitoring	The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.	Monitoring, Environmental,Environmental Surveillance,Surveillance, Environmental
D014421	Turkey	Country in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria. The capital is Ankara.	Turkiye
D014874	Water Pollutants, Chemical	Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.	Chemical Water Pollutants,Landfill Leachate,Leachate, Landfill,Pollutants, Chemical Water
D060106	Lakes	Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.	Soda Lakes,Lake,Lakes, Soda
D018570	Risk Assessment	The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)	Assessment, Risk,Benefit-Risk Assessment,Risk Analysis,Risk-Benefit Assessment,Health Risk Assessment,Risks and Benefits,Analysis, Risk,Assessment, Benefit-Risk,Assessment, Health Risk,Assessment, Risk-Benefit,Benefit Risk Assessment,Benefit-Risk Assessments,Benefits and Risks,Health Risk Assessments,Risk Analyses,Risk Assessment, Health,Risk Assessments,Risk Benefit Assessment,Risk-Benefit Assessments
D019015	Geologic Sediments	A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)	Marine Oil Snow,Sediments, Geologic,Sediments, Marine,Geologic Sediment,Marine Snow,Sediment, Geologic,Marine Oil Snows,Marine Sediment,Marine Sediments,Oil Snow, Marine,Sediment, Marine,Snow, Marine Oil
D019216	Metals, Heavy	Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	Heavy Metal,Heavy Metals,Metal, Heavy