Evolution of within-host variants of the hepatitis C virus. 2022

Nasir Riaz, and Preston Leung, and Rowena A Bull, and Andrew R Lloyd, and Chaturaka Rodrigo
Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia.

Comprehensive investigation of the within-host evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) variants has been difficult without high coverage deep sequencing data and bioinformatics tools to characterise these variants. With the advent of high throughput, long-read sequencing platforms such as Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT), capturing within-host evolution of HCV using full genome sequences has become feasible. This study aimed to provide the proof of concept that within-host evolutionary analysis of HCV using near-full-length genomes, is achievable. Five treatment naïve subjects with chronic HCV infection were sampled longitudinally from 6 months to 5 years post-infection, with 3-5 sampling timepoints per subject. Near full-length sequences generated using the ONT platform encompassing within-host HCV variants were analysed using an in-house bioinformatic tool. A 200-sequence proxy alignment of the viral variants was made for each subject and timepoint, proportionately representing the observed within-host variants. This alignment was then used in a Bayesian evolutionary analysis using BEAST software suite (v1.8). The estimated within-host substitution rates ranged between 0.89 and 6.19 × 10-5 substitutions/site/day. At most timepoints, observed viral lineages were closely related to those from the immediately preceding timepoint, and genetic diversity bottlenecks were observed at intervals in both the acute and chronic phases of infection. The highest within-host mutation rates were observed in the Envelope-P7 and NS5 regions while the Core region was the most conserved. This study demonstrates the feasibility of studying within-host evolution of near-full-length HCV genomes, using long-read sequencing platforms. When considered in conjunction with meta-data such as the host immune response, these methods may offer high resolution insights into immune escape (in vivo or in vitro) to inform vaccine design and to predict spontaneous clearance.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006526 Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown. Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted,Parenterally-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis,PT-NANBH,Parenterally Transmitted Non A, Non B Hepatitis
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D001499 Bayes Theorem A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result. Bayesian Analysis,Bayesian Estimation,Bayesian Forecast,Bayesian Method,Bayesian Prediction,Analysis, Bayesian,Bayesian Approach,Approach, Bayesian,Approachs, Bayesian,Bayesian Approachs,Estimation, Bayesian,Forecast, Bayesian,Method, Bayesian,Prediction, Bayesian,Theorem, Bayes
D016174 Hepacivirus A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species. Hepatitis C virus,Hepatitis C-Like Viruses,Hepaciviruses,Hepatitis C Like Viruses,Hepatitis C viruses,Hepatitis C-Like Virus
D016415 Sequence Alignment The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms. Sequence Homology Determination,Determination, Sequence Homology,Alignment, Sequence,Alignments, Sequence,Determinations, Sequence Homology,Sequence Alignments,Sequence Homology Determinations
D016679 Genome, Viral The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus. Viral Genome,Genomes, Viral,Viral Genomes
D019143 Evolution, Molecular The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations. Molecular Evolution,Genetic Evolution,Evolution, Genetic
D019698 Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS. Chronic Hepatitis C

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