The poor dewaterability of sewage sludge is a major obstacle to its disposal and utilization. Our previous study developed a novel method of carbonaceous skeleton-assisted thermal hydrolysis to achieve good performance of sludge dewatering. This work was conducted for further improving the efficiency through investigating the effects of the properties of sludge, skeleton, and key process parameters. A dewatering model was also established based on Darcy's Law and experimental results from a self-designed computer control on-line filter press system. The experimental results showed that the water content can all be reduced by about 36% for sludge with the varying organic content from 35% to 60%. Lignocellulosic skeleton had better assistive capabilities than skeleton with high content of hemicellulose, lipid, and chitin, and the appropriate dosage was 0.2-0.5 g/g DS. Satisfied reduction of about 30% in water content can be obtained when sludge was assisted-hydrolyzed at a moderate temperature of 180 °C only within 5 min and dewatered at 0.4-1.0 MPa for 10-20 min. By using self-developed dewatering model, the filtrate mass with time under any mechanical pressure can be obtained and the theoretical value fit the actual value very well. Based on this, excellent dewatering performance can be achieved through process control of assisted thermal hydrolysis and mechanical dewatering.