Exposure of canine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles to alkaline media (greater than or equal to pH 12) results in the extraction of 33% of the protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that specific proteins are being solubilized. Most of the phospholipid and sialic acid remains with the pellet after centrifugation. Electron microscopy reveals that alkaline treatment does not cause gross morphological damage to the vesicles, although freeze-fracture demonstrates some aggregation of intramembrane particles. The data indicate that high pH probably removes peripheral proteins and leaves the integral proteins in place. We find complete recovery of Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity in alkaline-extracted membranes after solubilization and reconstitution. These vesicles contain only 50% of the protein of vesicles reconstituted from control sarcolemma. Thus, the specific activity of Na+-Ca2+ exchange is doubled. Alkaline extraction is a useful and reproducible procedure for enrichment of the Na+-Ca2+ exchange protein. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is completely inactivated by exposure to pH 12 medium though immunodetection shows that the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase proteins are not extracted. We detect both alpha and alpha + forms of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and deduce that the Na+ pump proteins do not comprise a major fraction of sarcolemmal protein.