Biomaterial Database

MIF in the cerebrospinal fluid is decreased during relapsing-remitting while increased in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. 2022

Simone Hjæresen, and Tobias Sejbaek, and Markus Axelsson, and Sif Kløvedal Mortensen, and Helle Vinsløv-Jensen, and Gorm Pihl-Jensen, and Lenka Novakova, and Christian Bonde Pedersen, and Bo Halle, and Frantz Rom Poulsen, and Mengliang Zhang, and Eirikur Benedikz, and Jette Lautrup Frederiksen, and Jan Lycke, and Zsolt Illes, and Åsa Fex-Svenningsen

University of Southern Denmark, Department of Molecular Medicine, J.B. Winsløws vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research InterDisciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: shjaresen@health.sdu.dk.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in the function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and in neuroprotection and has recently been implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Determination of MIF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with distinct subtypes of MS and the cellular localization of MIF in human brain tissue. The levels of MIF were investigated in CSF from patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) (n = 26), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (n = 22), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (n = 19), and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 24), using ELISA. The effect of disease-modifying therapies in the RRMS and SPMS cohorts were examined. Cellular distribution of MIF in the human brain was studied using immunochemistry and the newly available OligoInternode database. MIF was significantly decreased in treatment-naïve CIS and RRMS patients compared to HCs but was elevated in SPMS. Interestingly, MIF levels were sex-dependent and significantly lower in women with CIS and RRMS. MIF expression in the human brain was localized to neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, and oligo5 oligodendrocytes but not in microglia. The finding that MIF was decreased in newly diagnosed CIS and RRMS patients but was high in patients with SPMS may suggest that MIF levels in CSF are regulated by local MIF receptor expression that affects the overall MIF signaling in the brain and may represent a protective mechanism that eventually fails.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008263	Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors	Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.	Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor,Migration Inhibition Factors, Macrophage,Macrophage Migration Inhibition Factors,Migration Inhibition Factor, Macrophage,Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factors,Migration-Inhibitory Factors, Macrophage
D001921	Brain	The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.	Encephalon
D005260	Female		Females
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D019746	Intramolecular Oxidoreductases	Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the oxidation of one part of a molecule with a corresponding reduction of another part of the same molecule. They include enzymes converting aldoses to ketoses (ALDOSE-KETOSE ISOMERASES), enzymes shifting a carbon-carbon double bond (CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND ISOMERASES), and enzymes transposing S-S bonds (SULFUR-SULFUR BOND ISOMERASES). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.3.	Oxidoreductases, Intramolecular
D020528	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis,Multiple Sclerosis, Progressive Relapsing,Multiple Sclerosis, Remittent Progressive,Multiple Sclerosis, Primary Progressive,Multiple Sclerosis, Secondary Progressive,Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis,Progressive Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis,Remittent Progressive Multiple Sclerosis,Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
D020529	Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting	The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	Multiple Sclerosis, Acute Relapsing,Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis,Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis,Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis,Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing Remitting,Multiple Sclerosis, Remitting-Relapsing,Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis,Remitting Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis