Coevolved Canonical Loops Conformations of Single-Domain Antibodies: A Tale of Three Pockets Playing Musical Chairs. 2022

Francis Gaudreault, and Christopher R Corbeil, and Enrico O Purisima, and Traian Sulea
Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are a promising class of biotherapeutics with unique structural traits within their paratope region. The distribution of canonical conformations explored by their complementarity determining region (CDR) loops differs to some extent from conventional two-chain Fv fragments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study, we explored in detail the canonical structures of sdAb CDR-H1 and CDR-H2 loops and compared those with mAbs from the IGHV3 and IGHV1 gene families. We surveyed the antibody structures catalogued in SAbDab and clustered the CDR canonical loops in Cartesian space. While most of the sdAb clusters were sub-populations of previously defined canonical Fv conformations of CDR-H1 and CDR-H2, our stricter clustering approach defined narrower clusters in sequence-space. Meticulous visual inspection of sub-populations allowed a clearer understanding of sequence-structure relationships. The packing densities within structural pockets contacted by CDR-H1 and CDR-H2 canonical conformations were analyzed on the premise that these pockets cannot be left vacant as they would leave exposed supportive hydrophobic residues. The fine resolution of the canonical clusters defined here revealed unique signatures within these pockets, including distinct structural complementarities between CDR-H1 and CDR-H2 canonical clusters, which could not be perceived with the previous coarser clusters. We highlight examples where a single residue change in CDR-H1 sequence is sufficient to induce a dramatic population shift in CDR-H2 conformation. This suggests that preferences in combining CDR-H1 and CDR-H2 emerged naturally during antibody evolution, leading to preferred sets of conserved amino acids at key positions in the framework as well as within the CDR loops. We outline a game of musical chairs that is necessary to maintain the integrity of the antibody structures that arose during evolution. Our study also provides refined CDR-H1 and CDR-H2 structural templates for sdAb homology modeling that could be leveraged for improved antibody design.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008958 Models, Molecular Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures. Molecular Models,Model, Molecular,Molecular Model
D011487 Protein Conformation The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). Conformation, Protein,Conformations, Protein,Protein Conformations
D000911 Antibodies, Monoclonal Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells. Monoclonal Antibodies,Monoclonal Antibody,Antibody, Monoclonal
D061905 Single-Domain Antibodies An immunoglobulin fragment composed of one variable domain from an IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN or IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN. Single-Domain Antibody,VHH Antibodies,VHH Antibody,Immunoglobulin VH Domain Fragments,Immunoglobulin VL Domain Fragments,Nanobodies,VH Domain Fragments,VHH Fragments,VHH Immunoglobulin Fragments,VL Domain Fragments,VNAR Fragments,VNAR Immunoglobulin Fragments,Antibody, Single-Domain,Antibody, VHH,Single Domain Antibody
D022801 Complementarity Determining Regions Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). Complementarity Determining Region,Complementarity Determining Region 1,Complementarity Determining Region 2,Complementarity Determining Region 3,Complementarity Determining Region I,Complementarity Determining Region II,Complementarity Determining Region III,Complementarity-Determining Region,Complementarity-Determining Region 3,Hypervariable Region, Immunoglobulin,Hypervariable Regions, Immunoglobulin,Third Complementarity-Determining Region,Complementarity-Determining Region 3s,Complementarity-Determining Region, Third,Complementarity-Determining Regions,Complementarity-Determining Regions, Third,Immunoglobulin Hypervariable Region,Immunoglobulin Hypervariable Regions,Region, Complementarity Determining,Region, Immunoglobulin Hypervariable,Regions, Complementarity Determining,Regions, Complementarity-Determining,Regions, Immunoglobulin Hypervariable,Third Complementarity Determining Region,Third Complementarity-Determining Regions

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