Bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) are a new class of restorative materials, and polymerization shrinkage (PS) is concerned due to their single increment up to 4 mm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PS and shrinkage stress (SS) of bulk-fill RBCs in vitro. Three bulk-fill RBCs and three conventional non-bulk-fill RBCs were selected. The PS was determined with Acuvol volumetric shrinkage analyzer by calculating the specimen volume variation before and after light irradiation. The SS was investigated using universal testing machine method with a polymethyl methacrylate rod as a bonding substrate. The force generated during the polymerization process was detected by a load cell linked to a computer. SS was calculated by dividing the maximum stress force by the area of the rod. The mean PS of various RBCs ranged from 1.72% to 2.13%. All PS results of bulk-fill RBCs were comparable to their conventional counterparts. Sonicfill 2 (SF2) and Harmonize (HM) showed the lowest PS (p < 0.05; Tukey HSD test). Medians of SS results ranged from 0.55 MPa to 0.67 MPa. All SSs of bulk-fill RBCs were comparable to their conventional counterparts. SF2 showed significantly lower SS than Tetric N-Ceram (TN) and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNB) (p < 0.0083; post hoc comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments). A moderate, positive correlation was observed between PS and SS with Pearson's correlation (r = 0.446, p = 0.013). Both PS and SS are material dependent. A moderate, positive correlation between PS and SS is found with new bulk-fill RBCs and their conventional counterparts.