Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), a volatile monomer occurring in the natural environment and used in the manufacture of elastomers, is a close chemical relative of the animal carcinogen 1,3-butadiene. To obtain toxicokinetic data for inhaled isoprene, male F344 rats were exposed in groups of 30 to 14C-labeled isoprene vapor at four concentrations from 8 to 8200 ppm. The percentage of the inhaled isoprene that was metabolized decreased with increasing exposure concentration. The percentage of the total metabolites (that is, non-isoprene-retained 14C) excreted in urine and feces or expired was determined as a function of vapor concentration. About 75% of the total metabolites was excreted in urine. This was independent of inhaled isoprene concentration. After exposure to 8200 ppm, a larger percentage of the metabolites was excreted in feces than after exposure to lower concentrations. Using vacuum line techniques, blood metabolite concentrations were determined as functions of both vapor concentration and exposure duration. At one exposure concentration (1480 ppm) metabolites were measured in the nose, lungs, liver, kidney, and fat, as well as in blood. A mutagenic metabolite, isoprene diepoxide, was tentatively identified in all tissues examined. Between 0.0018 and 0.031% of the inhaled 14C label was tentatively identified as this metabolite in blood. The relative amount of the metabolites present in blood was highest for low concentrations of inhaled isoprene and for shorter exposure durations. Body fat appeared to be a reservoir for both isoprene metabolites and isoprene itself. The appearance of metabolites in the respiratory tract after short exposure durations together with low blood concentrations of isoprene indicated that substantial metabolism of inhaled isoprene in the respiratory tract may occur.