Spinal automaticity of movement control and its role in recovering function after spinal injury. 2022

V Reggie Edgerton, and Parag Gad
Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

The significance of the spinal cord in controlling postural and locomotor functions largely reemerged in the mid-1970s under the leadership of Sten Grillner, demonstrating key phenomena of 'central pattern generation' and 'fictive locomotion' with an evolutionary perspective. These concepts raised the question of how much function can be recovered after paralysis, given the intrinsic automaticity of spinal networks in injured and uninjured states in adults. This review explores biological mechanisms governing spinal control of movements such as posture and locomotion. We focus on concepts that have evolved from experiments performed over the past decade. Rather than a comprehensive review of the vast literature on the neural control of posture and locomotion, we focus on the various mechanisms underlying functional automaticity, and their clinical relevance. We propose that multiple combinations of sensory mechanoreceptors linked to proprioception that generate an infinite number of different sensory ensembles, having species-specific meaning and extensive influence in controlling posture and locomotion. These sensory ensembles are translated as a probabilistic phenomenon into highly specific but indeterminate actions. Therefore, we opine that spinal translation of these ensembles in real-time plays a central role in the automaticity of motor control in individuals with and without severe neuromotor dysfunction.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008124 Locomotion Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Locomotor Activity,Activities, Locomotor,Activity, Locomotor,Locomotor Activities
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D013116 Spinal Cord A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER. Coccygeal Cord,Conus Medullaris,Conus Terminalis,Lumbar Cord,Medulla Spinalis,Myelon,Sacral Cord,Thoracic Cord,Coccygeal Cords,Conus Medullari,Conus Terminali,Cord, Coccygeal,Cord, Lumbar,Cord, Sacral,Cord, Spinal,Cord, Thoracic,Cords, Coccygeal,Cords, Lumbar,Cords, Sacral,Cords, Spinal,Cords, Thoracic,Lumbar Cords,Medulla Spinali,Medullari, Conus,Medullaris, Conus,Myelons,Sacral Cords,Spinal Cords,Spinali, Medulla,Spinalis, Medulla,Terminali, Conus,Terminalis, Conus,Thoracic Cords
D013124 Spinal Injuries Injuries involving the vertebral column. Injuries, Spinal,Injury, Spinal,Spinal Injury

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