Biomaterial Database

Metaphase Chromosome Preparation and Classification of Chromosomal Aberrations. 2023

Takamitsu A Kato

Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Takamitsu.Kato@colostate.edu.

Chromosomal aberrations are changes in structure and number of chromosomes. Metaphase chromosome can be analyzed by a standard light microscope to detect chromosomal aberrations. Recently, detailed analysis or rapid analysis was possible by using fluorescence probes and fluorescent microscope. The origins of chromosomal aberrations can be errors of DNA repair, cell divisions, and DNA synthesis. Analysis of chromosome aberrations can be used for the wide range of analysis. It includes a basic science connecting DNA damage to cellular death and mutagenesis and diagnostic tools for hereditary diseases and biodosimetry following radiation exposure.Specific DNA damages produce unique types of chromosomal aberrations. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations enables us to investigate the mechanisms of genotoxic stress. However, one type of DNA damage provides a variety of changes in chromosome structures. It is often confusing. This chapter introduces the standard technique of metaphase chromosome spread preparation and typical classification of chromosomal aberrations.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008677	Metaphase	The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.
D002869	Chromosome Aberrations	Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.	Autosome Abnormalities,Cytogenetic Aberrations,Abnormalities, Autosome,Abnormalities, Chromosomal,Abnormalities, Chromosome,Chromosomal Aberrations,Chromosome Abnormalities,Cytogenetic Abnormalities,Aberration, Chromosomal,Aberration, Chromosome,Aberration, Cytogenetic,Aberrations, Chromosomal,Aberrations, Chromosome,Aberrations, Cytogenetic,Abnormalities, Cytogenetic,Abnormality, Autosome,Abnormality, Chromosomal,Abnormality, Chromosome,Abnormality, Cytogenetic,Autosome Abnormality,Chromosomal Aberration,Chromosomal Abnormalities,Chromosomal Abnormality,Chromosome Aberration,Chromosome Abnormality,Cytogenetic Aberration,Cytogenetic Abnormality
D002875	Chromosomes	In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	Chromosome
D004249	DNA Damage	Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.	DNA Injury,DNA Lesion,DNA Lesions,Genotoxic Stress,Stress, Genotoxic,Injury, DNA,DNA Injuries
D004260	DNA Repair	The removal of DNA LESIONS and/or restoration of intact DNA strands without BASE PAIR MISMATCHES, intrastrand or interstrand crosslinks, or discontinuities in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbones.	DNA Damage Response
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man