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Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 persist in the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue of children. 2023
Qin Xu, and
Pedro Milanez-Almeida, and
Andrew J Martins, and
Andrea J Radtke, and
Kenneth B Hoehn, and
Cihan Oguz, and
Jinguo Chen, and
Can Liu, and
Juanjie Tang, and
Gabrielle Grubbs, and
Sydney Stein, and
Sabrina Ramelli, and
Juraj Kabat, and
Hengameh Behzadpour, and
Maria Karkanitsa, and
Jacquelyn Spathies, and
Heather Kalish, and
Lela Kardava, and
Martha Kirby, and
Foo Cheung, and
Silvia Preite, and
Patrick C Duncker, and
Moses M Kitakule, and
Nahir Romero, and
Diego Preciado, and
Lyuba Gitman, and
Galina Koroleva, and
Grace Smith, and
Arthur Shaffer, and
Ian T McBain, and
Peter J McGuire, and
Stefania Pittaluga, and
Ronald N Germain, and
Richard Apps, and
Daniella M Schwartz, and
Kaitlyn Sadtler, and
Susan Moir, and
Daniel S Chertow, and
Steven H Kleinstein, and
Surender Khurana, and
John S Tsang, and
Pamela Mudd, and
Pamela L Schwartzberg, and
Kalpana Manthiram
Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
Most studies of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection focus on peripheral blood, which may not fully reflect immune responses at the site of infection. Using samples from 110 children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic, we identified 24 samples with evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neutralizing antibodies in serum and SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal center and memory B cells in the tonsils and adenoids. Single-cell B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing indicated virus-specific BCRs were class-switched and somatically hypermutated, with overlapping clones in the two tissues. Expanded T cell clonotypes were found in tonsils, adenoids and blood post-COVID-19, some with CDR3 sequences identical to previously reported SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs). Pharyngeal tissues from COVID-19-convalescent children showed persistent expansion of germinal center and antiviral lymphocyte populations associated with interferon (IFN)-γ-type responses, particularly in the adenoids, and viral RNA in both tissues. Our results provide evidence for persistent tissue-specific immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of children after infection.
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