Tooth pulp-evoked single neuron responses were recorded in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris of the cat. The thresholds to monopolar electric pulses of varying duration (0.2-20 ms) were determined using a constant current stimulator. The thresholds were comparable with those of primary afferent A-fibers, although the most sensitive primary afferent fibers have lower thresholds. The thresholds and latencies showed that none of the interpolaris neurons received their input solely from intradental C-fibers. The most sensitive subnucleus interpolaris neurons had lower thresholds than the respective subnucleus caudalis neurons studied in our previous work. The thresholds and strength-duration curves of the most sensitive interpolaris neurons and of the tooth pulp-elicited jaw-opening reflex are nearly similar, although the jaw reflex can be elicited at an intensity which is slightly lower than that needed to activate the most sensitive interpolaris neurons of the present sample. The most sensitive interpolaris neurons were activated at current intensities that were below the intensity needed to produce liminal dental pain in man, and the strength-duration curves of these neurons were flatter than the curve depicting liminal dental pain sensation in man. The relationship between stimulus intensity and response magnitude could be well described by power functions, the median exponent of which was 1.251. A conditioning stimulation of the tooth pulp at low intensity produced a short (less than 25 ms) enhancement of the response to the following test stimulus, whereas a high intensity conditioning stimulus produced a longer (greater than 40 ms) suppression of the response to the following stimulus. The threshold of 33% of the neurons was elevated during a noxious tail pinch, and this elevation was not reversed by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. The results indicate that in the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris there are tooth pulp-driven neurons with an input from intradental A-fibers and that a considerable temporal summation of impulses from primary afferent fibers is needed to activate most of them. Human dental pain thresholds cannot be explained by the liminal response properties of the most sensitive interpolaris neurons, but they may be important in the mediation of near-threshold reflex events. It is possible, however, that the high-threshold interpolaris neurons may have a role in the mediation of sensory responses.