DNA i-motif formation at neutral pH is driven by kinetic partitioning. 2023

Petra Školáková, and Martin Gajarský, and Jan Palacký, and Denis Šubert, and Daniel Renčiuk, and Lukáš Trantírek, and Jean-Louis Mergny, and Michaela Vorlíčková
Department of Biophysics of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic.

Cytosine-rich DNA regions can form four-stranded structures based on hemi-protonated C.C+ pairs, called i-motifs (iMs). Using CD, UV absorption, NMR spectroscopy, and DSC calorimetry, we show that model (CnT3)3Cn (Cn) sequences adopt iM under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions for n > 3. However, the iMs are formed with long-lasting kinetics under these conditions and melt with significant hysteresis. Sequences with n > 6 melt in two or more separate steps, indicating the presence of different iM species, the proportion of which is dependent on temperature and incubation time. At ambient temperature, kinetically favored iMs of low stability are formed, most likely consisting of short C.C+ blocks. These species act as kinetic traps and prevent the assembly of thermodynamically favored, fully C.C+ paired iMs. A higher temperature is necessary to unfold the kinetic forms and enable their substitution by a slowly developing thermodynamic structure. This complicated kinetic partitioning process considerably slows down iM folding, making it much slower than the timeframes of biological reactions and, therefore, unlikely to have any biological relevance. Our data suggest kinetically driven iM species as more likely to be biologically relevant than thermodynamically most stable iM forms.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007700 Kinetics The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
D009690 Nucleic Acid Conformation The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape. DNA Conformation,RNA Conformation,Conformation, DNA,Conformation, Nucleic Acid,Conformation, RNA,Conformations, DNA,Conformations, Nucleic Acid,Conformations, RNA,DNA Conformations,Nucleic Acid Conformations,RNA Conformations
D004247 DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D006863 Hydrogen-Ion Concentration The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH pH,Concentration, Hydrogen-Ion,Concentrations, Hydrogen-Ion,Hydrogen Ion Concentration,Hydrogen-Ion Concentrations
D059372 Nucleotide Motifs Commonly observed BASE SEQUENCE or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE or a SEQUENCE LOGO. DNA Motif,DNA Motifs,Nucleotide Motif,RNA Motif,RNA Motifs,Motif, DNA,Motif, Nucleotide,Motif, RNA,Motifs, DNA,Motifs, Nucleotide,Motifs, RNA

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