Branching neurons giving rise to ascending and descending collaterals were studied in the cervical spinal cord of the rat. After unilateral injection of two retrograde fluorescent tracers, i.e. DY.2HCl at T2 or more caudal levels and TB at C1 or more rostral levels, many DY-TB double-labeled neurons were found in C3 to C8. These neurons were located bilaterally throughout the spinal grey matter, as well as in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN). However, no double-labeled neurons could be detected in the laminae I and II on either side. The double-labeled neurons must represent branching neurons giving rise to a collateral ascending to the rostral injection-site or above, and another collateral descending to the caudal injection-site or below. The descending collaterals were found to extend to various spinal levels, including the lumbosacral cord. However, most of them terminated at shorter distances from their parent cell bodies; thus 20% of the C3-C8 neurons projecting to C1 or above had a descending collateral reaching T2, 8% had a collateral reaching T9, and 3% a collateral reaching L2/L3. The ascending collaterals of the majority of the branching neurons passed into the most caudal part of the medulla oblongata, and about half of these collaterals reached the level of the rostral part of the inferior olive. In regard to the neurons located in the segments C5-C8, about 13% of those projecting to T2 or below distribute an ascending collateral restricted to C2-C4, while 29% of those had an ascending collateral to C1 or above.