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A gross anatomical study was made of the human elbow. Three very small muscles were found that are not described in contemporary anatomical publications. A lateral tensor muscle of the annular ligament was observed in seven of every ten cadavers; its action is to tense or pull the annular ligament laterally during supination. A medial tensor muscle of the annular ligament was found in two of every ten cadavers; its action is to tense the annular ligament, pulling it medially and distally, and to assist in supination. An accessory supinator muscle was found in four of ten cadavers; its action is to assist in supination. These muscles would be synergistic to the primary supinator muscles of the radio-ulnar joint.
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
January 1967,
Archivio "Putti" di chirurgia degli organi di movimento,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
January 1984,
Anatomy and embryology,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
April 2007,
Chirurgie de la main,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
March 1984,
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
May 1952,
Alberta medical bulletin,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
August 2020,
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon),
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
January 1967,
Clinical orthopaedics and related research,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
January 1988,
Magyar traumatologia, orthopaedia es helyreallito sebeszet,
M H Hast, and
R E Perkins
July 1957,
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume,
