Solid organ transplant recipients are at high risk for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, but the risks before and after transplantation require further research. We performed a population-based retrospective self-controlled study using the State Inpatient Database from 10 states in the United States. Adult and pediatric patients who had solid organ transplantation from 2004 to 2018 were tracked longitudinally for 1 y before and after transplantation outside of the immediate peritransplant periods. The exposure of interest was solid organ transplantation, and the outcome of interest was hospitalization with S. aureus bacteremia. Of 75 549 patients, 581 (0.77%) and 239 (0.32%) were hospitalized with S. aureus bacteremia in the pretransplant and posttransplant periods, respectively ( P < 0.001). Overall, the odds of hospitalization with S. aureus bacteremia increased from 7 to 12 mo to 1 to 6 mo before transplantation (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.46) and then decreased following transplantation (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.45; 7-12 mo after transplantation). The decreased rate after transplantation was driven by the cases associated with central line-associated bloodstream infections and endocarditis among kidney and heart transplant recipients. Odds of hospitalization with S. aureus bacteremia did not change after liver transplantation, whereas they increased after lung transplantation. In addition to immunosuppression, the reversal of organ failure and associated requirements for organ support following transplantation may play an important role in the risk of S. aureus bacteremia in solid organ transplant recipients. These results can guide infection prevention approaches and future research on S. aureus infections in transplant patients.