Syncope and Methemoglobinemia Preceded by Amyl Nitrite 'Popper' Inhalation. 2023

Katherine Barry, and Kristina E McAteer
Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.

BACKGROUND Methemoglobinemia represents an uncommon but potentially serious cause of presentation to the emergency department, resulting in hypoxemia and even death. The symptoms and clinical findings in this condition can be nonspecific and therefore methemoglobinemia can be easily missed if the clinician is not familiar with it. This report presents a case caused by recreational drug use which has rarely been documented previously. METHODS A 23-year-old male with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department for an episode of syncope after inhalation of amyl nitrite "poppers". He had normal vitals other than tachycardia but was found to have nailbed and perioral cyanosis, a classic but uncommon presentation that is demonstrated in the included clinical image. He was found to have methemoglobinemia caused by his use of amyl nitrite and received supportive care but did not require methylene blue. CONCLUSIONS Emergency physicians should familiarize themselves with the classic physical exam findings in methemoglobinemia in order to identify and treat this condition promptly. While this patient had a good outcome with only supportive care and observation, his presentation and the etiology of his condition offer an important teaching point. The possibility of methemoglobinemia after recreational "popper" use should be considered when working up a patient who presents with cyanosis and hypoxemia.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D008708 Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed) Methemoglobinemias
D003490 Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. Cyanoses
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D000680 Amyl Nitrite A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac. Nitrite, Amyl
D000860 Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms. Anoxia,Oxygen Deficiency,Anoxemia,Deficiency, Oxygen,Hypoxemia,Deficiencies, Oxygen,Oxygen Deficiencies
D013575 Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) Drop Attack,Fainting,Presyncope,Syncope, Postural,Syncopal Episode,Syncopal Vertigo,Syncope, Cardiogenic,Syncope, Carotid Sinus,Syncope, Convulsive,Syncope, Deglutitional,Syncope, Effort,Syncope, Hyperventilation,Syncope, Micturition,Syncope, Situational,Syncope, Stokes-Adams,Syncope, Tussive,Attack, Drop,Cardiogenic Syncope,Cardiogenic Syncopes,Carotid Sinus Syncope,Carotid Sinus Syncopes,Convulsive Syncope,Convulsive Syncopes,Deglutitional Syncope,Deglutitional Syncopes,Drop Attacks,Effort Syncope,Effort Syncopes,Episode, Syncopal,Hyperventilation Syncope,Hyperventilation Syncopes,Micturition Syncope,Micturition Syncopes,Postural Syncope,Postural Syncopes,Presyncopes,Situational Syncope,Situational Syncopes,Stokes-Adams Syncope,Stokes-Adams Syncopes,Syncopal Episodes,Syncope, Stokes Adams,Syncopes,Syncopes, Cardiogenic,Syncopes, Carotid Sinus,Syncopes, Convulsive,Syncopes, Deglutitional,Syncopes, Effort,Syncopes, Hyperventilation,Syncopes, Micturition,Syncopes, Postural,Syncopes, Situational,Syncopes, Stokes-Adams,Syncopes, Tussive,Tussive Syncope,Tussive Syncopes,Vertigo, Syncopal,Vertigos, Syncopal
D055815 Young Adult A person between 19 and 24 years of age. Adult, Young,Adults, Young,Young Adults

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