The Role of the Health Belief Model in Explaining Why Symptomatic Iranian Women Hesitate to Seek Early Screening for Breast Cancer: a Qualitative Study. 2023

Ali Ramezankhani, and Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, and Hamid Soori, and Kamel Ghobadi, and Fatemeh Hosseini
Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Early detection of breast cancer (BC) is important to increase the likelihood of treatment and improve the quality of life and survival. The study explored why symptomatic women linger to seek early screening for BC diagnosis based on the health belief model (HBM). In this qualitative study, 20 participants were selected using the purposive sampling method (9 health professionals and 11 female patients BC). Data were collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews in 2019. Transcribed interview data were analyzed using the directed content analysis informed by HBM. According to the participants' experiences, although most patients comprehended the extent of the disease, they did not see themselves at risk of BC. Some were not adequately aware of the benefits of early diagnosis and did not have the self-efficacy required for early presentation. The main barriers to the early presentation included lack of awareness, financial problems, embarrassment over the clinical examination, and inadequate access to specialized centers. According to HBM, while designing and implementing educational programs, it is recommended to focus on reinforcing perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived self-efficacy, providing access to facilities, and removing possible barriers and cultural issues to encourage women for timely referral for BC screening.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007492 Iran A country bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. The capital is Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran
D007722 Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL). Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
D011788 Quality of Life A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral, social environment as well as health and disease. HRQOL,Health-Related Quality Of Life,Life Quality,Health Related Quality Of Life
D001943 Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. Breast Cancer,Breast Tumors,Cancer of Breast,Breast Carcinoma,Cancer of the Breast,Human Mammary Carcinoma,Malignant Neoplasm of Breast,Malignant Tumor of Breast,Mammary Cancer,Mammary Carcinoma, Human,Mammary Neoplasm, Human,Mammary Neoplasms, Human,Neoplasms, Breast,Tumors, Breast,Breast Carcinomas,Breast Malignant Neoplasm,Breast Malignant Neoplasms,Breast Malignant Tumor,Breast Malignant Tumors,Breast Neoplasm,Breast Tumor,Cancer, Breast,Cancer, Mammary,Cancers, Mammary,Carcinoma, Breast,Carcinoma, Human Mammary,Carcinomas, Breast,Carcinomas, Human Mammary,Human Mammary Carcinomas,Human Mammary Neoplasm,Human Mammary Neoplasms,Mammary Cancers,Mammary Carcinomas, Human,Neoplasm, Breast,Neoplasm, Human Mammary,Neoplasms, Human Mammary,Tumor, Breast
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000083342 Health Belief Model A model which is based on certain predictors of a person’s perception of threat severity, susceptibility, interventional benefits and self-efficacy about a health threat that can be used to promote and educate health behavior. Health Belief Models,Model, Health Belief
D016504 Breast Self-Examination The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. Self-Examination, Breast,Breast Self Examination,Breast Self-Examinations,Self Examination, Breast,Self-Examinations, Breast
D055088 Early Detection of Cancer Methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior. Cancer Screening,Cancer Screening Tests,Early Diagnosis of Cancer,Cancer Early Detection,Cancer Early Diagnosis,Cancer Screening Test,Screening Test, Cancer,Screening Tests, Cancer,Screening, Cancer,Test, Cancer Screening,Tests, Cancer Screening

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