Allosteric modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase FMN-containing domain. 2023

Sarah D Burris-Hiday, and Emily E Scott
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase delivers electrons required by heme oxygenase, squalene monooxygenase, fatty acid desaturase, and 48 human cytochrome P450 enzymes. While conformational changes supporting reductase intramolecular electron transfer are well defined, intermolecular interactions with these targets are poorly understood, in part because of their transient association. Herein the reductase FMN domain responsible for interacting with targets was fused to the N-terminus of three drug-metabolizing and two steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes to increase the probability of interaction. These artificial fusion enzymes were profiled for their ability to bind their respective substrates and inhibitors and to perform catalysis supported by cumene hydroperoxide. Comparisons with the isolated P450 enzymes revealed that even the oxidized FMN domain causes substantial and diverse effects on P450 function. The FMN domain could increase, decrease, or not affect total ligand binding and/or dissociation constants depending on both P450 enzyme and ligand. As examples, FMN domain fusion has no effect on inhibitor ketoconazole binding to CYP17A1 but substantially altered CYP21A2 binding of the same compound. FMN domain fusion to CYP21A2 resulted in differential effects dependent on whether the ligand was 17α-hydroxyprogesterone versus ketoconazole. Similar enzyme-specific effects were observed on steady-state kinetics. These observations are most consistent with FMN domain interacting with the proximal P450 surface to allosterically impact P450 ligand binding and metabolism separate from electron delivery. The variety of effects on different P450 enzymes and on the same P450 with different ligands suggests intricate and differential allosteric communication between the P450 active site and its proximal reductase-binding surface.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007654 Ketoconazole Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Nizoral,R-41400,R41,400,R41400,R 41400
D008024 Ligands A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Ligand
D009251 NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase A flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of heme-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. EC 1.6.2.4. Cytochrome P-450 Reductase,Ferrihemoprotein P-450 Reductase,NADPH Cytochrome P-450 Oxidoreductase,NADPH Cytochrome P-450 Reductase,NADPH Cytochrome c Reductase,Cytochrome P-450 Oxidase,Cytochrome P450 Reductase,Ferrihemoprotein P450 Reductase,NADPH Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase,NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase,NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase,NADPH-P450 Reductase,Cytochrome P 450 Oxidase,Cytochrome P 450 Reductase,Ferrihemoprotein P 450 Reductase,NADPH Cytochrome P 450 Oxidoreductase,NADPH Cytochrome P 450 Reductase,NADPH Ferrihemoprotein Reductase,NADPH P450 Reductase,Oxidase, Cytochrome P-450,P-450 Oxidase, Cytochrome,P450 Reductase, Cytochrome,P450 Reductase, NADPH-Cytochrome,Reductase, Cytochrome P-450,Reductase, Cytochrome P450,Reductase, Ferrihemoprotein P-450,Reductase, Ferrihemoprotein P450,Reductase, NADPH-Cytochrome P450,Reductase, NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein,Reductase, NADPH-P450
D010084 Oxidation-Reduction A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). Redox,Oxidation Reduction
D011993 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes. Fusion Proteins, Recombinant,Recombinant Chimeric Protein,Recombinant Fusion Protein,Recombinant Hybrid Protein,Chimeric Proteins, Recombinant,Hybrid Proteins, Recombinant,Recombinant Chimeric Proteins,Recombinant Hybrid Proteins,Chimeric Protein, Recombinant,Fusion Protein, Recombinant,Hybrid Protein, Recombinant,Protein, Recombinant Chimeric,Protein, Recombinant Fusion,Protein, Recombinant Hybrid,Proteins, Recombinant Chimeric,Proteins, Recombinant Fusion,Proteins, Recombinant Hybrid
D003577 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism. Cytochrome P-450,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme,Cytochrome P-450-Dependent Monooxygenase,P-450 Enzyme,P450 Enzyme,CYP450 Family,CYP450 Superfamily,Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P-450 Families,Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P-450 Oxygenase,Cytochrome P-450 Superfamily,Cytochrome P450,Cytochrome P450 Superfamily,Cytochrome p450 Families,P-450 Enzymes,P450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P 450,Cytochrome P 450 Dependent Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Enzyme,Cytochrome P 450 Enzyme System,Cytochrome P 450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P 450 Families,Cytochrome P 450 Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Oxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Superfamily,Enzyme, Cytochrome P-450,Enzyme, P-450,Enzyme, P450,Enzymes, Cytochrome P-450,Enzymes, P-450,Enzymes, P450,Monooxygenase, Cytochrome P-450,Monooxygenase, Cytochrome P-450-Dependent,P 450 Enzyme,P 450 Enzymes,P-450 Enzyme, Cytochrome,P-450 Enzymes, Cytochrome,Superfamily, CYP450,Superfamily, Cytochrome P-450,Superfamily, Cytochrome P450
D005486 Flavin Mononucleotide A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues. FMN,Flavin Mononucleotide Disodium Salt,Flavin Mononucleotide Monosodium Salt,Flavin Mononucleotide Monosodium Salt, Dihydrate,Flavin Mononucleotide Sodium Salt,Riboflavin 5'-Monophosphate,Riboflavin 5'-Phosphate,Riboflavin Mononucleotide,Sodium Riboflavin Phosphate,5'-Monophosphate, Riboflavin,5'-Phosphate, Riboflavin,Mononucleotide, Flavin,Mononucleotide, Riboflavin,Phosphate, Sodium Riboflavin,Riboflavin 5' Monophosphate,Riboflavin 5' Phosphate,Riboflavin Phosphate, Sodium
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D006861 Hydrogen Peroxide A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2),Hydroperoxide,Oxydol,Perhydrol,Superoxol,Peroxide, Hydrogen
D000072417 Protein Domains Discrete protein structural units that may fold independently of the rest of the protein and have their own functions. Peptide Domain,Protein Domain,Domain, Peptide,Domain, Protein,Domains, Peptide,Domains, Protein,Peptide Domains

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