Loss of PERK function promotes ferroptosis by downregulating SLC7A11 (System Xc⁻) in colorectal cancer. 2023

Krishan Kumar Saini, and Priyank Chaturvedi, and Abhipsa Sinha, and Manish Pratap Singh, and Muqtada Ali Khan, and Ayushi Verma, and Mushtaq Ahmad Nengroo, and Saumya Ranjan Satrusal, and Sanjeev Meena, and Akhilesh Singh, and Sameer Srivastava, and Jayanta Sarkar, and Dipak Datta
Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.

Ferroptosis, a genetically and biochemically distinct form of programmed cell death, is characterised by an iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Therapy-resistant tumor cells display vulnerability toward ferroptosis. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) play a critical role in cancer cells to become therapy resistant. Tweaking the balance of UPR to make cancer cells susceptible to ferroptotic cell death could be an attractive therapeutic strategy. To decipher the emerging contribution of ER stress in the ferroptotic process, we observe that ferroptosis inducer RSL3 promotes UPR (PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α), along with overexpression of cystine-glutamate transporter SLC7A11 (System Xc-). Exploring the role of a particular UPR arm in modulating SLC7A11 expression and subsequent ferroptosis, we notice that PERK is selectively critical in inducing ferroptosis in colorectal carcinoma. PERK inhibition reduces ATF4 expression and recruitment to the promoter of SLC7A11 and results in its downregulation. Loss of PERK function not only primes cancer cells for increased lipid peroxidation but also limits in vivo colorectal tumor growth, demonstrating active signs of ferroptotic cell death in situ. Further, by performing TCGA data mining and using colorectal cancer patient samples, we demonstrate that the expression of PERK and SLC7A11 is positively correlated. Overall, our experimental data indicate that PERK is a negative regulator of ferroptosis and loss of PERK function sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to ferroptosis. Therefore, small molecule PERK inhibitors hold huge promise as novel therapeutics and their potential can be harnessed against the apoptosis-resistant condition.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D004722 Endoribonucleases A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-. Endoribonuclease
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000079403 Ferroptosis A form of REGULATED CELL DEATH initiated by oxidative perturbations of the intracellular microenvironment that is under constitutive control by glutathione peroxidase 4 and can be inhibited by iron chelators and lipophilic antioxidants. Oxytosis
D015179 Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. Colorectal Cancer,Colorectal Carcinoma,Colorectal Tumors,Neoplasms, Colorectal,Cancer, Colorectal,Cancers, Colorectal,Carcinoma, Colorectal,Carcinomas, Colorectal,Colorectal Cancers,Colorectal Carcinomas,Colorectal Neoplasm,Colorectal Tumor,Neoplasm, Colorectal,Tumor, Colorectal,Tumors, Colorectal
D017346 Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases,Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase,Serine-Threonine Protein Kinases,Protein-Serine Kinase,Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinase,Protein-Threonine Kinase,Serine Kinase,Serine-Threonine Kinase,Serine-Threonine Kinases,Threonine Kinase,Kinase, Protein-Serine,Kinase, Protein-Serine-Threonine,Kinase, Protein-Threonine,Kinase, Serine-Threonine,Kinases, Protein Serine-Threonine,Kinases, Protein-Serine-Threonine,Kinases, Serine-Threonine,Protein Kinase, Serine-Threonine,Protein Kinases, Serine-Threonine,Protein Serine Kinase,Protein Serine Threonine Kinase,Protein Serine Threonine Kinases,Protein Threonine Kinase,Serine Threonine Kinase,Serine Threonine Kinases,Serine Threonine Protein Kinase,Serine Threonine Protein Kinases
D019892 eIF-2 Kinase A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Protein Kinase PKR,Protein Kinase, RNA Activated,RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase,p68 Kinase,DAI Protein Kinase,DSRNA-Dep Protein Kinase,Double Stranded RNA-Dependent Kinase (dsl),Double Stranded RNA-Dependent eIF-2 alpha Protein Kinase,Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2alpha Kinase,Heme Controlled Repressor,Heme-Controlled Inhibitor,Heme-Controlled Translational Repressor,Heme-Regulated eIF-2alpha Kinase,Hemin Controlled Repressor,Hemin-Controlled Translational Repressor,P68 Protein Kinase,Self-Phosphorylating Protein Kinase,TIK Kinase,dsRNA-Activated Inhibitor,eIF-2alpha Kinase,eRF, eIF-2 Recycling Factor,p65 Kinase,Controlled Repressor, Heme,Controlled Repressor, Hemin,DSRNA Dep Protein Kinase,Double Stranded RNA Dependent eIF 2 alpha Protein Kinase,Heme Controlled Inhibitor,Heme Controlled Translational Repressor,Heme Regulated eIF 2alpha Kinase,Hemin Controlled Translational Repressor,Inhibitor, Heme-Controlled,Inhibitor, dsRNA-Activated,Kinase PKR, Protein,Kinase, DAI Protein,Kinase, DSRNA-Dep Protein,Kinase, Heme-Regulated eIF-2alpha,Kinase, P68 Protein,Kinase, RNA-Dependent Protein,Kinase, Self-Phosphorylating Protein,Kinase, TIK,Kinase, eIF-2,Kinase, eIF-2alpha,Kinase, p65,Kinase, p68,PKR, Protein Kinase,Protein Kinase, DAI,Protein Kinase, DSRNA-Dep,Protein Kinase, P68,Protein Kinase, RNA-Dependent,Protein Kinase, Self-Phosphorylating,RNA Dependent Protein Kinase,Repressor, Heme Controlled,Repressor, Heme-Controlled Translational,Repressor, Hemin Controlled,Repressor, Hemin-Controlled Translational,Self Phosphorylating Protein Kinase,Translational Repressor, Heme-Controlled,Translational Repressor, Hemin-Controlled,dsRNA Activated Inhibitor,eIF 2 Kinase,eIF 2alpha Kinase,eIF-2alpha Kinase, Heme-Regulated,eRF, eIF 2 Recycling Factor
D027182 Amino Acid Transport System y+ A sodium-independent, basic amino acid transport system with a high-affinity for LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Amino Acid Transport System y-Plus,System y+ Transporter,Amino Acid Transport System y Plus,Transporter, System y+,y+ Transporter, System

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