Analytical limitations make it challenging to develop effective methodologies for understanding glyphosate-based herbicide levels in drinking water and groundwater. Due to their lack of chromophores and zwitterionic nature, glyphosate-based herbicides are difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper offers a straightforward method for quantifying glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) via 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) pre-column derivatization and analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method development was focused on optimizing the critical variables for optimal derivatization using a 24-factorial design. We found that complete derivatization significantly depends on the inclusion of borate buffer to create the alkaline conditions necessary for aminolysis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition was critical to minimize metallic chelation and ensure reproducible retention times and peaks. However, EDTA concentrations ≥5% decreased peak intensity due to ion suppression. The FMOC-Cl concentration and derivatization time exhibited a direct proportional relationship, with the complete reaction achieved with 2.5 mM FMOC-Cl after 4 h. Concentrations of FMOC-Cl greater than 2.5 mM led to the formation of oxides, which interfere with the detection sensitivity and selectivity. Desirable results were achieved with 1% EDTA, 5% borate, and 2.5 mM FMOC-Cl, which led to complete derivatization after 4 h.