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The effects of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and natural trehalose dimycolate (TDM) against parasitic infections by intracellular Toxoplasma gondii and free-living Acanthamoeba culbertsoni were studied. Significant resistance against oral T. gondii infection was induced by intraperitoneal pretreatment with TDM but not with MDP. The protective effect of TDM against T. gondii was corroborated by a significant reduction in the number of cysts in brains of pretreated animals and elevated serum antibody levels. Partial protection against lethal intranasal A. culbertsoni infection was conferred by specific immunization with viable trophozoites of nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba lugdunensis. The nonspecific resistance induced by intravenous pretreatment with MDP was similar to, whereas that stimulated by TDM was lesser than the protection conferred by A. lugdunensis. The Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis of 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells by alveolar macrophages was enhanced by MDP. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was increased by lower doses of TDM.
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