Bone tissue regeneration is one of the main areas of tissue engineering. A particularly important aspect is the development of new innovative composite materials intended for bone tissue engineering and/or bone substitution. In this article, the synthesis and characterization of ceramic-polymer composites based on polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) have been presented. The first part of the work deals with the synthesis and characterization of the ceramic phase. It was demonstrated that the obtained calcium phosphate is characterized by a heterogeneity and porosity indicating simultaneously its large specific surface area. Additionally, in the wound healing test, it was shown that the obtained powder supports the regeneration of L929 cells. Next, HAp-containing composite materials were obtained in the waste-free photopolymerization process and characterized in detail. It was proved that the obtained composites were characterized by sorption properties and stability during 12-day incubation in simulated physiological liquids. Importantly, the obtained composites showed no cytotoxic effect against the L929 murine fibroblasts - the cell viability was 94.5%. Then, confocal microscopy allowed to observe that murine fibroblasts effectively colonized the surface of the obtained polymer-ceramic composites, covering the entire surface of the biomaterial. Thus, the obtained results confirm the high potential of the obtained composites in the application of bone tissue regenerative medicine.