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Relationship between the number of teeth, occlusal force, occlusal contact area, and dietary hardness in older Japanese adults: The SONIC study. 2023

Tomoaki Mameno, and Yoshitaka Tsujioka, and Motoyoshi Fukutake, and Yuki Murotani, and Toshihito Takahashi, and Kodai Hatta, and Yasuyuki Gondo, and Kei Kamide, and Tatsuro Ishizaki, and Yukie Masui, and Yusuke Mihara, and Yuichi Nishimura, and Hiromasa Hagino, and Kotaro Higashi, and Suzuna Akema, and Yoshinobu Maeda, and Mai Kabayama, and Hiroshi Akasaka, and Hiromi Rakugi, and Ken Sugimoto, and Hitomi Okubo, and Satoshi Sasaki, and Kazunori Ikebe
Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.

OBJECTIVE Individuals with impaired masticatory function tend to prefer soft foods, which results in decreased masticatory muscle activity. This study examined the association between the oral condition (number of teeth, occlusal force, and occlusal contact area) and dietary hardness using a daily dietary questionnaire. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated 1841 participants aged 69-71 and 79-81 years. Registered dentists examined the number of teeth, occlusal force, and occlusal contact area. Dietary hardness was defined as the estimated masticatory muscle activity required for a habitual diet. Habitual diet during the preceding month was assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Confounding factors, such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, history of chronic diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes), and cognitive function were also evaluated. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between dietary hardness and each oral condition. RESULTS Occlusal force (standardized regression coefficients [β]=0.08, P < 0.01) and occlusal contact area (β=0.06, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with dietary hardness after adjusting for the confounding factors. Number of teeth was not significantly associated with dietary hardness. In addition, the associations between dietary hardness, sex, and a history of diabetes were stronger than those between dietary hardness and oral factors. CONCLUSIONS Occlusal force and contact area were significantly associated with dietary hardness as estimated from the masticatory muscle activity using a daily diet questionnaire.

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