The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite that usually uses rats as a definitive host. It also infects humans and non-human primates. Human infections have been reported in 80 countries worldwide, including China. Nevertheless, nearly all the literature on human infections in China by the rat tapeworm is in Chinese journals, which are very difficult to access by readers outside China. The main aim of the current manuscript was to systematically review human infections by the rat tapeworm in China for readers inside and outside the country. Chinese characters for H. diminuta were used to search several databases, including Google Scholar. In total, 511 infections were reported in 24 Chinese provinces/autonomous regions, which surpassed 320 in Costa Rica as the country with the highest number of infections. Furthermore, three nationwide surveys on parasitic infections in the past 3 decades revealed detailed prevalence of this parasite along with that of roundworm, whipworm, hookworm and pinworm in Chinese populations. These data contribute to better understanding of this greatly neglected zoonosis in the world's most populated country.