OBJECTIVE This brief communication documents the prevalence of maxillary central incisor talon cusps in Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and assesses whether talon cusp presence occurs at equivalent frequencies across matrilines. METHODS The data on cusp presence vs. absence were analyzed by logistic regression in 170 monkeys (82 females, 78 males) from seven different matrilines. Sample sizes per matriline ranged from 10 to 42. Observations of talon cusps were blind with respect to matriline and sex. RESULTS Talon cusps were present in 9.4% of the sample. By matriline, cusp frequencies ranged from 0%-Matrilines 073 and 106%-to 19.1% in Matriline 076. The frequency of the talon cusp in Matriline 076 was significantly greater than the frequency of the cusp in the remainder of the sample. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of the talon cusp by sex. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the talon cusp in rhesus monkeys, as in humans and baboons, is a rare trait. Elevated prevalence of the talon cusp in Matriline 076 suggests the possibility of a genetic influence on talon cusp expression.