A methodology for assessing developmental and reproductive hazards of chemicals. 1986

H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks

A method to evaluate developmental and reproductive toxicity for a wide variety of chemicals has been developed. The assessment includes all effects on male and female reproductive function as well as effects in the developing embryo or fetus. Effects are evaluated using primary literature. Studies are classified as adequate, supportive or inadequate. Only adequate studies are used in further assessment. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of each chemical is assessed using both qualitative and quantitative information. Three elements are used to describe developmental toxicity of chemicals: Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL), weight-of-evidence classification and a Risk Ratio (RR). For reproductive toxicity only two elements are used, LOEL and weight-of-evidence. LOEL is defined as the lowest dose at which statistically significant effects are found. A risk ratio is calculated using the levels of the chemical producing acute maternal lethality (LD50 or LC50) to the levels producing developmental toxicity in the same animal species and route of administration. The risk ratio is used to indicate the extent to which the developing embryo or fetus is more susceptible than the dam to the toxic effects of a chemical. A toxicity score (A through E) is assigned to each chemical from a two- or three-dimensional matrix based on the elements of assessment. The score reflects the degree of hazard associated with each chemical. To date, 110 chemicals have been evaluated using this system. From the selected databases, 188 articles were reviewed. Of these, 103 (55%) were judged to be adequate, 23 (12%) provide supportive information, and 62 (33%) were inadequate and excluded from the assessment methodology. Scores for 47 chemical with some adequate data available show that high hazard substances (28 A and B) outnumber those associated with lower hazards (a total of 19 C, D and E). This may reflect a selection process for testing which favors substances suspected of causing adverse reproductive and developmental effects.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007256 Information Systems Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. Ancillary Information Systems,Emergency Care Information Systems,Information Retrieval Systems,Perinatal Information System,Ancillary Information System,Information Retrieval System,Information System,Information System, Ancillary,Information System, Perinatal,Perinatal Information Systems,Systems, Information Retrieval
D009626 Terminology as Topic Works about the terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area. Etymology,Nomenclature as Topic,Etymologies
D011247 Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. Gestation,Pregnancies
D012098 Reproduction The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed) Human Reproductive Index,Human Reproductive Indexes,Reproductive Period,Human Reproductive Indices,Index, Human Reproductive,Indexes, Human Reproductive,Indices, Human Reproductive,Period, Reproductive,Periods, Reproductive,Reproductive Index, Human,Reproductive Indices, Human,Reproductive Periods
D005260 Female Females
D005333 Fetus The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. Fetal Structures,Fetal Tissue,Fetuses,Mummified Fetus,Retained Fetus,Fetal Structure,Fetal Tissues,Fetus, Mummified,Fetus, Retained,Structure, Fetal,Structures, Fetal,Tissue, Fetal,Tissues, Fetal
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D012306 Risk The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome. Relative Risk,Relative Risks,Risk, Relative,Risks,Risks, Relative
D013723 Teratogens An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. Embryotoxins,Fetotoxins,Teratogen

Related Publications

H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
January 1981, The Annals of occupational hygiene,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
November 2011, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
March 1988, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
February 1992, British journal of industrial medicine,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
March 1971, Munca sanitara,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
July 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
May 1998, Clinical excellence for nurse practitioners : the international journal of NPACE,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
October 1979, Environmental research,
H S Brown, and C R West, and D R Bishop, and L R Hicks
January 2014, Neurotoxicology and teratology,
Copied contents to your clipboard!