Febrile neutropenia is a frequent complication of cancer treatment and is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, standardization in the management of neutropenic fever has led to a reduction in its complications. The duration and type of antibiotic therapy differ according to guidelines, particularly in cases of febrile neutropenia of unknown origin. Continuation of antibiotic treatment until resolution of neutropenia has historically been recommended but exposes patients to prolonged periods of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. In a context of growing resistance to antibiotics, optimization of antibiotic use is necessary, particularly in this frail patient population, faced with the consequences of repeated exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.