BACKGROUND In 1944, the call for the construction of "La Raza" Hospital in Mexico City was launched. The project included the proposal to create two murals, and the artists who were invited to participate were Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros, who, with their work, bore testimony to the advent of modern medicine and the construction of the social security model in force in Mexico. OBJECTIVE To determine how mural art is historically linked to medicine in Mexico and how they complement each other, considering two works carried out at the same time and in the same hospital. METHODS Analysis of the historical context and iconographic and iconological analysis of "La Raza" Hospital murals. RESULTS It was possible to clarify the relationship of the artists with medicine and the role murals play within the modern vision of medicine. CONCLUSIONS Mural art is intertwined with medicine because it bears witness to the advent of the construction of the social security model currently in force in Mexico, since hospitals became social achievements of the State and were to be known as symbols of welfare and modernity in Mexico.