The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of single-time-point (STP) renal dosimetry imaging using SPECT/CT data, a nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) model, and a population-based model selection (PBMS) in a large population for 177Lu-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen therapy. Methods: Biokinetic data (mean ± SD) of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in kidneys at time points 1 (1.8 ± 0.8 h), 2 (18.7 ± 0.9 h), 3 (42.6 ± 1.0 h), 4 (66.3 ± 0.9 h), and 5 (160.3 ± 24.2 h) after injection were obtained from 63 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer using SPECT/CT. Thirteen functions were derived from various parameterizations of 1- to 5-exponential functions. The function's parameters were fitted in the NLME framework to the all-time-point (ATP) data. The PBMS NLME method was performed using the goodness-of-fit test and Akaike weight to select the best function fitting the data. The best function from ATP fitting was used to calculate the reference time-integrated activity and absorbed doses. In STP dosimetry, the parameters of a particular patient with STP data were fitted simultaneously to the STP data at different time points of that patient with ATP data of all other patients. The parameters from STP fitting were used to calculate the STP time-integrated activity and absorbed doses. Relative deviations (RDs) and root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) were used to analyze the accuracy of the calculated STP absorbed dose compared with the reference absorbed dose obtained from the best-fit ATP function. The performance of STP dosimetry using PBMS NLME modeling was compared with the Hänscheid and Madsen methods. Results: The function [Formula: see text] was selected as the best-fit ATP function, with an Akaike weight of 100%. For STP dosimetry, the STP measurement by SPECT/CT at time point 3 (42.6 ± 1.0 h) showed a relatively low mean RD of -4.4% ± 9.4% and median RD of -0.7%. Time point 3 had the lowest RMSE value compared with those at the other 4 time points. The RMSEs of the absorbed dose RDs for time points 1-5 were 23%, 16%, 10%, 20%, and 53%, respectively. The STP dosimetry using the PBMS NLME method outperformed the Hänscheid and Madsen methods for all investigated time points. Conclusion: Our results show that a single measurement of SPECT/CT at 2 d after injection might be used to calculate accurate kidney-absorbed doses using the NLME method and PBMS.