BACKGROUND Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) and low back pain (LBP) are prevalent diseases that can negatively impact daily activities. The concurrent existence of lumbar spine disorders with hip or knee issues forms two syndromes: hip-spine syndrome (HSS) and knee-spine syndrome (KSS). The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between hip and knee OA and LBP, as well as the changes to LBP after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The secondary objective is to identify the cause of LBP among patients with hip and knee OA. METHODS The group of hip OA patients treated with THA consisted of 34 individuals, and the group of knee OA patients treated with TKA consisted of 45 individuals. In these two groups of patients, the LBP was assessed using the visual analog scale score preoperatively and four and 12 months postoperatively. To determine the cause of LBP, we compared preoperative and postoperative (12-month) pelvic obliquity and hip or knee pain in patients with and without preoperative LBP. RESULTS For hip OA-THA, more than half (55.88%) of patients suffering from hip OA also experienced moderate to severe LBP. Improvement in LBP was noticed in 79% of these patients at both four and 12 months post-THA, with levels dropping from 6.84 to 2.58 and then 2.53, respectively. Moreover, improvements in hip pain and pelvic obliquity were observed in patient groups both with and without preoperative LBP following THA. This suggests that there's no obvious correlation between LBP and these parameters. For knee OA-TKA, most (62.22%) patients with knee OA experienced moderate to very severe LBP. In 50% of these patients, LBP showed improvement at four and 12 months post-TKA (6.39 → 4.79 → 4.04). Additionally, in both groups with and without preoperative LBP, knee pain and pelvic obliquity were improved after TKA, suggesting no clear association between LBP and these parameters. CONCLUSIONS HSS and KSS were frequently observed in patients. A significant improvement in LBP was seen after THA or TKA, suggesting that total arthroplasty should be prioritized before spinal surgery. Furthermore, there is not a definitive link between LBP, joint pain, and pelvic obliquity.